Prok. and Animal Health

Question 1

Symbiotic Interactions (3)

Answer 1

Close interaction between 2 or more organisms

• Commensal
• Mutualistic
• Parasitic

Question 2

Commensal

Answer 2

No apparent benefit or harm to either member of the association

Question 3

Mutualism

Answer 3

• Do not harm or contribute to normal health

- Protect us from infection

Question 4

Parasitic

Answer 4

A pathogen that is able to produce disease

Question 5

Feedcattle Opportunistic Parasite (1)

Answer 5

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 6

Types of Parasitism (2)

Answer 6

1) Opportunistic parasites

2) Obligate parasites

Question 7

What causes eukaryotes to become opportunistic parasites? (2)

Answer 7

1) Change in location

2) Diminished immune status of host

Question 8

Types of Mutualism (2)

Answer 8

1) Resident Mutualism

2) Transient Mutualism

Question 9

Resident Mutualism

Answer 9

Always present in organ or on surface

Question 10

Transient Mutualism

Answer 10

Only present for short periods of time

Question 11

What is a Rumen

Answer 11

Large pre-gastric fermentation chamber

Question 12

General Rumen Pathway

Answer 12

Plant material –> VFA’s + Methane

Question 13

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use cellulose as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

Answer 13

Fibrobacter succinogenes
Ruminococcus Spp.

Both produce: Acetic, Succinic VFA’s

Question 14

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Starch/soluble sugars as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

Answer 14

Selenomanos ruminantium (acetic, proponoic, lactic VFA’s)

Streptococcus bovis (Lactic VFA’s)

Question 15

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Starch/Hemicellulose/sugars as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

Answer 15

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (acetic, butyric, formic VFA’s)

Preveotella ruminicola (acetic, succinic)

Question 16

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Lactic Acid as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (1)

Answer 16

Megasphaera elsdenii )Caproic, Butyric VFA’s)

Question 17

Important Microorganisms in the Rumen (5)

Answer 17

1) Bacteria
2) Protozoa
3) Fungi
4) Archaea
5) Bacteriophages

Question 18

Genera of Fungi (5)

Answer 18

1) Neocallimastix
2) Piromyces
3) Caecomyces
4) Orpinomyces
5) Anaeromyces

Question 19

Cellulolytic bacteria release (2)

Answer 19

1) Cellobiose

2) Glucose

Question 20

Negative Interactions

Answer 20

1) Predation (Protozoa/bacteria ; Protozoa/protozoa)
2) Pathogens (bacteriophages, mycoplasma, viruses)
3) Competition for space and resources

Question 21

E. coli synthesize what and where(1)

Answer 21

Vitamin K in Intestine of ruminants

Question 22

E.coli

Answer 22

Synthesize Vitamin K
Help breakdown food
Assist in food absorption and waste processing
Intestine provides food for E.coli

Question 23

Bacterial disease multi-factorial complex (3)

Answer 23

1) Host
2) Microbes
3) Environment

Question 24

Entry of Organisms (6)

Answer 24

1) Exposure
2) Adherence
3) Invasion
4) Colonization and Growth (Back to exposure)
5) Toxicity or Invasiveness(Back to exposure)
6) Tissue Damage

Question 25

Virulence Factors (3)

Answer 25

1) Cause direct harm 2) Invasins 3) Evade host defences

Question 26

[Virulence] Causing Direct harm

Answer 26

Adhesins

Question 27

[Virulence] Invasins (2)

Answer 27

Exotoxins: Cytotoxins, haemolysins, proteases, phospholipids, leukocidins Endotoxins: LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock

Question 28

[Virulence] Evade Host Defence (4)

Answer 28

1) Flagella 2) Capsule 3) Siderophores (iron sequestering) 4) antiphagocytic, lytic proteins

Question 29

Types of Adhesins (3)

Answer 29

1) Fibreiae 2) pili 3) surface proteins

Question 30

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

Answer 30

Hypersecretory Diarrhoea in calves, lambs, pigs, and humans Virulence factors for: - colonization (Adhesins, siderophores) Causes: Hypersecretory diarrhoea causing dehydration and acidosis

Question 31

Bacillus Anthracis

Answer 31

Associated with herbivores (sheep, goats, cattle - sometimes pigs, humans) Infection: Spore inhalation, ingested, cutaneous infection Contains Endotoxin: Oedema and tissue damage

Question 32

Anthrax

Answer 32

Spore Spores survive in cyst form for years Ingestion most common form of infection for rural outdoor animals

Question 33

Botulism

Answer 33

``` Clostridium botulunum Toxin: - acts peripherally at neuromuscular junction - prevents acetylcholine release - symetric, descending flaccid paralysis ```

Question 34

Staphylococcus Aureus (Sa)

Answer 34

Can be MRSA

Question 35

Antimicrobial resistance

Answer 35

Resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotis

Question 36

Basis of Resistance (4)

Answer 36

1) mecA resistance gene 2) Located on SCCmec (staphlococcus cassette chromosome) 3) often NOT b-lactamase BUT often contains other ARG's 4) Contains surface analog Penecillin binding proteins (PBP2a) preventing antimicrobials to reach target site

Question 37

Zoonotic diseases (1)

Answer 37

Hendra virus

Question 38

Nonsocomial Infection (3)

Answer 38

MRSA UTI SSI

Question 39

Non-infectious diseases (1)

Answer 39

Helicobacter cancer

Question 40

Food and Water Borne Diseases (4)

Answer 40

Campylobacter Giardia Listeria Salmonella

Question 41

Vector-borne diseases (1)

Answer 41

Q-fever