Anatomy Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common type of joint seen between most bones in the skull?
A
Suture joint
2
Q
What are the 3 parts of the skull?
A
Neurocranium
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
Mandible
3
Q
What is the structure of skull bone?
A
Spongy bone (inside) covered by compact bone (outer layers)
4
Q
What part of the skull bone houses red marrow?
A
Spongy bone
5
Q
Where is the sagittal suture?
A
Between the 2 parietal bones
6
Q
Where is the coronal suture?
A
Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
7
Q
What bone is the occipital protuberance part of?
A
Occipital bone
8
Q
What bone is the mastoid process part of?
A
Temporal bone
9
Q
What bones is the zygomatic arch part of?
A
Temporal bone (posterior) Zygomatic bone (anterior)
10
Q
What bone is the styloid process part of?
A
Temporal bone
11
Q
What bone is the occipital condyles part of?
A
Occipital bone
12
Q
What are the 3 fossae of the floor of the skull?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
13
Q
What are the parts of the sphenoid bone that forms the floor of the skull?
A
Body
Pituitary fossa
Greater wing
Lesser wing
14
Q
What is the largest foramen in the posterior cranial fossa?
A
Foramen magnum
15
Q
What are orbits?
A
The sockets for eyeballs
16
Q
What are air sinuses and sacs?
A
Air spaces in some skull bones
17
Q
What is the role of air sinuses and sacs?
A
Decreases weight of the skull
18
Q
Where are air sinuses found?
A
Present in the bones around the nasal cavity and open into it
19
Q
What are ear ossicles?
A
3 small bones that play a role in hearing
20
Q
What are the 3 ear ossicles?
A
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
21
Q
Where are the ear ossicles found?
A
Within the petrous part of the temporal bone
22
Q
Where does the scalp extend to?
A
Anteriorly - eyebrows
Posteriorly - superior nuchal lines
Laterally - superior temporal line
23
Q
What type of joint is present between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone at the zygomatic arch?
A
suture
zygomaticotemporal
24
Q
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
A
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle Loose areolar connective tissue Pericranium
25
What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?
Anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
26
What is the action produced by contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Lifts eyebrows and eyelids
27
What innervates the anterior part of the scalp?
Trigeminal Nerve
28
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
```
V1 = ophthalmic
V2 = maxillary
V3 = mandibular
```
29
What innervates the posterior half of the scalp?
Cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3
| Both anterior and posterior rami of these nerves supply scalp
30
What structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1 and what does it innervate?
Brachial plexus
| Innervates the upper limbs
31
Which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?
Loose areolar connective tissue
32
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
Supratrochlear
| Supraorbital
33
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital
34
What are emissary veins?
Valveless veins
35
What is diploe?
Spongy cancellous bone between inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull
36
What complication can arise from scalp infection due to emissary veins?
Pus and blood can spread easily along emissary veins from the scalp into the meninges and cause meningitis
37
Where are the muscles of facial expression found?
In the superficial fascia of the face and neck
38
How does muscles of facial expression differ from skeletal muscle?
Facial muscles are superficial whereas skeletal muscle is deep
Facial muscles attach to other muscles or skin whereas skeletal muscles attach to bone
39
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
CN VII (facial nerve)
40
Which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?
Stylomastoid foramen
41
What are the 2 bony points on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
Styloid process
| Mastoid process
42
What is the gland on the side of the face?
Parotid salivary gland
43
What does intracranial injury/damage to the facial nerves result in?
Facial palsy
44
What happens to the eyelids as a result of facial palsy?
Lower eyelid droops
| Can't close eye properly
45
What happens to the corner of the mouth as a result of facial palsy?
Unable to raise affected side
46
What happens to the cheek during chewing as a result of facial palsy?
Food collects in the weak side because the cheek cannot push food to the centre of the mouth
47
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
48
Where are the small salivary glands found?
In the mucosa of the soft palate, cheeks and tongue
49
What does the long base of the parotid gland overlie?
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
50
Where does the parotid gland extend superiorly?
Zygomatic arch
51
Where does the parotid gland extend inferiorly?
Angle of the mandible
52
What does the apex of the parotid gland lie over?
Masseter muscle
53
Where does the parotid gland extend posteriorly?
Just anterior to the external auditory meatus
54
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
55
What nerve branches emerge from the anterior border of the parotid gland?
Zygomatic branches
56
How does the parotid duct get from the gland to oral cavity?
Runs forward, superficial to the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator into the oral cavity
57
Where does the parotid duct open into in the oral cavity?
Opposite maxillary 2nd molar
58
What cranial nerve enters/leaves the parotid gland?
CN VII (facial)
59
What artery enters/leaves the parotid gland?
External carotid artery
60
What vein enters/leaves the parotid gland?
Retromandibular vein
61
What type of innervation does the parotid gland receive?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
62
What division of the autonomic nervous system would be secretomotor to the parotid salivary gland?
Parasympathetic
63
Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres for the parotid gland?
V3 (CN V)
64
Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?
Superior cervical ganglion
| paravertebral chain
65
What artery of the head and neck the facial and superficial temporal arteries branches of?
External carotid artery
66
What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face?
Mandible
67
What muscle on the side of the face lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?
Masseter
68
What gland does the facial artery groove just before it emerges onto the face?
Parotid
69
Where does the facial artery end?
Divides into terminal branches after exiting the stylomastoid foramen
70
Which major vein in the neck does the facial and superficial temporal veins drain into?
Retromandibular vein which drains into the internal jugular vein
71
What are the 4 compartments of the neck?
Vertebral
Vascular
Visceral
Musculofascial collar
72
What does the vertebral compartment contain?
```
Cervical vertebrae
Postural muscles (prevertebral + postvertebral)
```
73
What does the vascular compartments contain?
Compartment on each side of neck
| Contains major blood vessels and the vagus nerve
74
What does the visceral compartment contain?
```
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
```
75
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
76
What kind of joint is present between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?
Condyloid
77
What kind of joint is present between C1 and C2 at the odontoid peg?
Pivot
78
What structures pass through the foramen transversium?
Vertebral artery + vein
| Sympathetic nerve plexus
79
What is the vertabra prominens?
C7 - long spinous process which is palpable
80
What is the special feature of the spines of cervical vertebrae?
Short, bifid
81
What curvature exists in the cervical portion of the vertebral column?
Lordotic
82
What is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?
Mandible
83
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid
84
What is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
Midline of neck from chin to jugular notch
85
What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid
86
What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
Trapezius
87
What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle?
Middle 1/3rd clavicle
88
What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
Sternum (manubrium)
Clavicle
Mastoid process (temporal bone)
89
What does the trapezius muscle do?
Moves the scapula
90
What cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
CN XI (accessory nerve)
91
What are the strap muscles of the neck?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thryohyoid
Omohyoid
92
Which artery is the right common carotid a branch of?
Brachiocephalic trunk
93
What artery is the left common carotid a branch of?
Aorta (arch)
94
What 3 structures are in the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
95
What level does the common carotid divide into external and internal carotid arteries?
Upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C3/C4)
96
Which carotid artery gives off branches in the neck?
External carotid
97
Which carotid artery is the most lateral?
Internal carotid
98
What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
Maxillary and superficial temporal arteries that are given off in the parotid salivary gland
99
Which vein does the internal jugular vein merge with and what vein is formed?
Merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic trunk
100
Where does the external jugular vein run in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Superficial
101
Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?
Subclavian vein
102
Where does the vagus nerve lie compared to other structures in the carotid sheath?
Posteriorly
103
Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath?
Posteriorly
