Anatomy Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
Sagittal plane?
A
down the midline
2
Q
Coronal plane?
A
Think like a crown
3
Q
Axial plane?
A
Transverse through body
4
Q
Opposite of dorsal of hand is……
A
palmar
5
Q
Opposite of dorsal of wrist is…
A
volvar
6
Q
Opposite of dorsal of the foot is….
A
plantar
7
Q
Opposite of dorsal of the tongue is ….
A
ventral
8
Q
Explain flexion of a joint
A
Decreases joint angle
9
Q
Explain abduction
A
movement away from the medial plane
10
Q
What is the circulatory system composed of?
A
- lymphatic system
- cardiovascular system
11
Q
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
A
- distribution of gases and other molecules (for growth, nutrition and repair)
- chemical signalling (hormones)
- thermoregulation
- mediate inflammation and host defence responses
12
Q
What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?
A
- arterial system
- heart
- venous system
13
Q
What are the two circulatory systems involved in the cardiovascular system?
A
- pulmonary circulation
- systemic circulation
14
Q
The 3 layers of the heart?
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
15
Q
Name all 5 great vessels of the heart?
A
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
16
Q
Name the 4 heart valves in the order in which blood flows through the heart
A
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
- mitral
- aortic
17
Q
Explain conduction within the heart
A
- spontaneous electrical impulse at the SA node (causing atria to contract)
- travels to AV nose at atrioventricular septum
- travels down the bundle of his
- spreads out to the punjki fibres (causing the ventricles to contract)
18
Q
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?
A
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica adventitia
19
Q
Explain the properties of arteries
A
- high pressure
- round lumen
- pulsatile
- carry oxygenated blood
- deeper than veins
20
Q
What is an anastomosis
A
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
- provides an alternative route for blood to flow during a arterial occlusion
21
Q
What is an end artery?
A
- the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
22
Q
What is the purpose of elastic recoil?
A
maintains peripheral flow when the heart relaxes
23
Q
Name the 4 parts of the aorta?
A
- ascending aorta
- arch of the aorta
- thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
24
Q
Explain the properties of veins
A
- carry de-oxygenated
- low pressure
- non-pulsatile
- drains blood away
- has valves
- thin walled, which are collapsed when empty
25
What 3 factors aid venous return?
- venous valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- accompanying veins
26
2 main venous systems?
- hepatic portal venous system
| - systemic venous system
27
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
bones of the:
- skull
- neck
- trunk
28
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the:
- pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
29
Explain the functions of bones?
- support and protection
- calcium metabolism
- red blood cell formation
- attachment of muscle
30
What are the characteristics of bone?
- hard
| - rigid
31
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
- less rigid than bone
| - where mobility is required
32
What are the 3 types of joints? In order of most movable to least.
- synovial
- cartilaginous
- fibrous
33
What are the 2 locations called where muscle connects to bone?
- origins
| - insertions
34
What does 'perarticular' mean?
- around the joint
| - in relation to anastamosis
35
What attaches muscle to bones?
- tendons
36
What is an apopneurosis?
- flattened tendon
| - attach muscle to soft tissue (rather than bone)
37
What are reflexes?
- involuntary, predictiable, rapid, reactions to danger
38
What are the 2 types of reflexes?
- strech reflex
| - flexion withdrawl reflex
39
How can you clinically assess the strech reflex?
- tendon hammer
40
What does paralysis mean?
- a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
| - reduced tone
41
What does spasticity mean?
- a muscle with intact motor nerve function, but descending controls from the brain are not working
- increased tone
42
What is atrophy?
- muscle wasting
43
What is hypertophy?
- opposite of atrophy
| - skeletal muscles enlarge
44
Name of male gamete?
- spermatoza
45
Name of female gamete?
- oocyte
46
What is the name given to the gamete producing organ?
- gonads
47
What is the pelvic floor?
- females
- internal wall of skeletal muscle
- seperates pelvic cavity and perineum
48
What is the perineum?
- inferior to the pelvic floor
49
What are the 2 female pouches called?
| Anterior to posterior
- vesicouterine pouch
| - rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
50
What are the 3 layers of the female reproductive system called?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
51
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
- ampulla of the uterine tube
52
What gatheres the ova from ovaries before it enters the uterine tube?
- fimbriae
53
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- when implantation occurs outwith the uterine tube
| - risk of hameorrhage
54
Explain the development of testis?
- originate on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
- descened before birth
- pass inguinal cancal
55
What connects the testis to the urethra?
- vas deferens
56
Where is sperm produced?
- seminiferous tubules
57
What is the name of the muscle on the testis that can help regulate temperature?
- dartos muscle
58
Explain the movement of sperm?
- produced in seminiferous tubules
- passes to rete testis
- enters head of the epipdidmis
- enters vas deferens
- passes through anterior inguinal cancal
- joins to seminial gland
- passes prostrate gland
59
What 3 things are contained within the spermatic cord?
- vas deferens
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- testicular artery
60
What is the name given to female sterilisation?
- Tubal ligation
61
What is the name given to male sterilisation?
- vasectomy
62
What makes up the central nervous system?
- brain
| - spinal cord
63
What makes up the Peripheral nervous system?
- spinal nerves
- crainial nerves
- autonomic nerves
64
A collection of neurons in the PNS is refered to as what?
- ganglion
65
What is the axon in a nerve insulated by?
- myelin sheath
66
What is the nervous system?
- made up of neurons and their supporting cells (glia)
67
Peripheral nerves are individual nerves?
| true/false?
- false
| - peripheral nerves are bundles of nerves
68
6 different modalities of a nerve?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- somatic sensory
- somatic motor
- special sensory
- visceral afferent
69
Motor nerves are efferent or afferent?
- efferent
70
Sensory nerves are efferent or afferent?
- afferent
71
Name the 4 regions of the skull?
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
72
Name the 12 crainial nerves
```
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducent
facial
vestiobulcohclear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal
```
73
name the 5 segments of the spinal cord?
- cervial
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- occygeal
74
Name the 4 nerve plexuses?
- cervial
- brachial
- lumbar
- sacral
75
Sympathetic spinal exits?
- T 1 - L2
76
Parasympathetic spinal exists?
CN III, VII, IX, X
