Pathology Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 responses to injury?
A
- vascular changes
- cellular changes
- chemical mediators
- morphologic patterns
2
Q
Explain the vascular changes in response to injury?
A
- vasodilation
- mediated by histamine and nitric oxide
3
Q
Explain the cellular changes in response to injury?
A
- stasis
- white cell margination
- rolling
- adhesion
- migration
- chemotaxis
4
Q
What happens to the vessels during acute inflammation?
A
- become leaky
- loss of proteins
- can cause ‘tumour’ –> swelling
5
Q
What is chemotaxis?
A
- cells follow a chemical gradient and move along it
6
Q
Explain the 3 steps involved in phagocytosis
A
- recognition and attachment
- engulfment
- killing and degradation
7
Q
what causes recognition and attachment in phagocytosis
A
- mannose binding
- opsonisation
8
Q
What is formed during engulfment in phagocytosis?
A
- phagosome
9
Q
What is involved in killing and degradation in phagocytosis?
A
- reactive oxygen species
- NO is oxidised
10
Q
Rubor?
A
- redness
11
Q
Calor?
A
- heat
12
Q
Tumour? and what causes it?
A
- swelling
- fluid in extracellular space
13
Q
Dolor? and what causes it?
A
- painful
- prostaglandins and bradykinin
14
Q
“Mediators of inflammation are long lived” true/false
A
FALSE
mediators of inflammation are short lived
15
Q
What is the process of resolution
A
- good as new
- complete restoration
- minimal cell death
16
Q
What is the process of suppuration
A
- pus (contains living, dead and dying cells)
17
Q
What is an empyema?
A
- pus filled cavity
18
Q
What is organisation?
A
- injury produces lots of necrosis and fibrin
- when damage goes beyond the basement membrane
19
Q
What is granulation tissue?
A
- undergoes organisation to form fibrous scar
20
Q
Scarring leads to____
A
- loss of function
21
Q
The term given to fibrosis of the liver is____
A
- cirrhosis
22
Q
Chronic inflammation is characterised by what cell?
A
- lymphocytes
23
Q
What is chronic inflammation dependent on?
A
- persisent injury
- suppuration etc
24
Q
What is a granuloma
A
localised collection of cells usually produced in response to an infectious agent
25
Caseous Necrosis???
TB
26
What does infarction mean?
- cell death after loss of oxygen
27
what is the time window for MI cell damage?
less than 20 minutes
28
What is hypoxic injury?
- pathological and results in necrosis
29
Necrosis requires __no/some___ energy?
- necrosis requires no energy
30
Necrosis is pathological
| true/false?
- true
31
Coagulative necrosis?
- preservation of cell outline
32
Colliquative /liquefactive necrosis?
- pus, no cell structure remains
| - stroke
33
Caseous necrosis?
- cheese like
| - TB!
34
As time progresses after cell injury, neutrophils will be replaced by what?
- macrophages
| - yellow in colour at autopsy
35
What are fibroblasts?
- lay down collagen
| - complete after 6 weeks post MI
36
Chronic inflammation results in what?
- restitution
37
Define hypertrophy
- increase in cell size/volume
38
Define hyperplasia
- increase in cell number
39
Define atrophy
- reduction in cell size
40
2 mechanisms of cell death?
- necrosis
| - apoptosis
41
Define apoptosis
- programmed cell death
42
Is apoptosis pathological or physiological?
- both
43
Apoptosis requires no energy?
| true or false
- false
| - apoptosis requires enerrgy
44
Explain extrinsic apoptosis pathway
- outwith the cell
- TNF
- Fas L --> Fas Receptor
45
Explain intrinsic apotosis pathway
- aka mitochondrial apoptosis
| - bax and bas receptors
46
What protein halts the cell cycle?
- p53
| - halts cell cycle and can cause apoptosis
47
Too much apoptosis may result in
- neurodegenerative disease
48
Too little apoptosis may result in
- cancer
| - autoimmune diseases
49
What can cause cellular aging?
- oxidative stress
- free radicals
- build up of by products of metabolism
50
Tyrosine kinase receptors are what?
- transpcription factors
51
What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?
- G1
- S
- G2
- M
52
Explain what occurs during G1
- Cyclin D binds to CDK 4
- Inactivates Rb
- Rb can no longer bind to E2F
- E2F gives the green light for next step
53
Explain what occurs during S phase?
- E2F increases levels of cyclin A
- cyclin A activates CDK 2
- promotes DNA replication
54
Explain what occurs during G2 phase?
- checkpoint at end
| - p53 , can hault cell cycle and induce apoptosis
55
Explain what occurs during M phase?
- chromosome alignement checked
56
How are chromosomes protected?
- capped by telomeres
57
Define cancer
- uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues
58
Define tumour
- swelling
| - may be malignant, benign, inflammatory
59
Define malignant
- metastatic growth
60
Define metaplasia
- reversible change from one cell type to another
| - in response to stimuli
61
Define hyperplasia
- increase in cell number
| - requires stimuli but may become autonomus
62
What does autonomous mean?
- required a growth factor at first, but now doesnt
63
Define dysplasia
- disordered growth
| - not in response to a stimuli
64
Define carcinoma in-situ
- a group of abnormal cells that are found only in the place where they first formed in the body
65
What are some examples of weinbergs hallmarks of cancer?
- increase growth signals
- remove growth supression
- avoid apoptosis
- achieve immortality
- avoid immune system
66
Define Angiogenesis
- Formation of new, abnormal blood vessels
| - Successfully growing tumours will develop ability to create own blood supply
67
Explain the double hit hypothesis
- one working gene is enough
| - 2 faulty genes results in a functional problem
68
Explain the stepwise progression in the double hit hypothesis?
- initation
- promtion
- peristance
69
In terms of malignancy what are the 3 growth receptors?
- receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
- 7 transmembrane g-protein coupled receptors
- receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
70
What signal is used in cell death?
- p53
| - halts cell cycle and can induce apoptosis
71
How is unlimited replicative potential achieved in malignant cells?
- mutation which reactivates telomerase
| - allows futher replication
72
What is an ant-apoptotic molecule?
- Bcl-2
73
What must occur to become metastatis?
- avoid immune system
| - extend through connective tissue
74
Define homogenous in terms of neoplasia?
- tends to be benign
| - round and smooth
75
What does it suggest if a tumour is encapsulated?
- slow growing
| - benign
76
What does a malignant tumour tend to look like?
- irregular
- infiltrative
- destructive
77
Define heterogenous in terms of neoplasia?
- malignant
- haemorrhage
- necrosis
- irregular
78
What would a cancer of the epithelium be called?
- carcinoma
79
What would a cancer of glands be called?
- adenoma
| - adenocarcinoma
80
What would a cancer of the squamous cell be called?
- papilloma
81
What would a cancer of the bladder be called?
- transitional cell carcinoma
82
What would a cancer of the connective tissue be called?
- mesenchyme
83
What is the staging for cancer?
- TNM
- Tumour
- Node
- Metasis
84
Define cachexia
- wasting of the body due to malignant energy demand
85
Define a blot clot
- extravascular
| - fibrin and platelets
86
Define a Thrombosis
- intravascular
- static
- coagulation
87
Define coagulation
- aggregation of platelets
| - fibrin binds everything together
88
Explain the intrinsic coagulation cascadate in terms of factors
- XII
- XI
- IX
- X
- X + V
- II (Thrombin)
- I (Firbrin)
89
Explain the extrinsic coagulation cascafe in terms of factors
- III
- VII
- X + V
- II (Thrombin)
- I (Fibrin)
90
What is the commonest pathway in the coagulation cascade?
- X + V
- II
- I
91
What factors are activated when factor II is activated?
- I
- V
- VII
- VIII
- XI
- XIII
92
What is Virchows triad?
- the mechanisms of my thrombosis occurs
- endothelial injury
- blood flow (turbulent / stasis)
- Coagulability
93
Define Ischaemia?
- insufficient blood flow
94
What factor is the tissue factor?
- factor III
