Anatomy

Question 1

Describe the main bones of the neck.

Answer 1

Cervical vertebrae, hyoid trunk

Question 2

Describe the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Answer 2

Humerus, radius & ulna. Femur, tibia & fibula.

Question 3

What are the three main types of joint with bone?

Answer 3

Synovial (most moveable, least stable), cartilaginous, fibrous (most stable)

Question 4

What are the main layers of the skin?

Answer 4

Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia, connective tissue

Question 5

What is a ligament?

Answer 5

A fibrous connection of bone to bone

Question 6

Name the five main types of muscle.

Answer 6

Flat with aponeurosis, fusiform, circular, quadrate, pennate

Question 7

What is a tendon?

Answer 7

Connection between muscle and bone

Question 8

What criteria are essential for muscle movement?

Answer 8

Crosses joint, binds both sides

Question 9

Name the four main aspects of the deltoid.

Answer 9

Clavicle, glenoid fossa, acromion process, origin of spine

Question 10

Describe the purpose of the four main aspects of the deltoid.

Answer 10

Clavicle - flexion of shoulder. Acromion process - abduction of shoulder. Glenoid fossa - circumduction. Origin of spine - extends shoulder

Question 11

Describe sensory muscle.

Answer 11

Excellent nerve supply, senses pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

Question 12

Which clinical test may be used to ensure the reflexes of the body work?

Answer 12

(Knee, ankle, bicep, tricep) jerk

Question 13

Describe and name the two ways which nerves typically don’t function properly.

Answer 13

Paralysis - motor nerves don’t work. Spasticity - descending CNS controls don’t work

Question 14

Name the inlet and three outlets of the pelvic girdle.

Answer 14

Abdominal cavity. Peritoneum - alimentary, renal, reproductive

Question 15

Which pouches does the parietal peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity) create?

Answer 15

Rectouterine, vesicouterine (female), vesicorectal (male)

Question 16

Describe the anatomical pathway of the egg from ovary to vagina.

Answer 16

Ovary -> fimbrae -> infundibulum -> ampulla (tubes) -> isthmus -> uterus

Question 17

Name the three layers of the uterus.

Answer 17

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

Question 18

In which anatomical location should fertilisation occur?

Answer 18

The ampulla

Question 19

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 19

Zygote attaches outwith the uterus

Question 20

If an STI reaches the ampulla, what may it cause?

Answer 20

Peritonitis

Question 21

When is the penis in the anatomical position?

Answer 21

Erect, ‘bottom’ side up

Question 22

Where are sperm produced?

Answer 22

Seminiferous tubules

Question 23

Describe the pathway of sperm to ejaculation.

Answer 23

Seminiferous tubule -> rete testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> seminal vesicle -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

Question 24

What is the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 24

A network of many small veins found in the spermatic cord.

Question 25

What does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 25

Vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus

Question 26

Which main problem can cause issues to the spermatic cord and testicles?

Answer 26

Torsion, can cause necrosis

Question 27

Describe the two types of reproductive sterilisation.

Answer 27

Tubual litigation, transection of the vas deferens

Question 28

Describe the layers of the heart, from inner to outer.

Answer 28

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium

Question 29

Briefly describe the conduction system of the heart.

Answer 29

SAN -> AVN -> Bundles of His -> Purkinje fibres

Question 30

What is the first branch of the aorta?

Answer 30

Coronary

Question 31

Describe the main branches of the aortic arch.

Answer 31

Brachiocephalic (which splits to right subclavian + right common carotid), left common carotid artery, left subclavian

Question 32

Name the layers of the blood vessels.

Answer 32

Tunica intima, inner elastic membrane, tunica media, external elastic membrane, tunica adventitia

Question 33

What are the main features of arteries?

Answer 33

Deep, pulsatile, high pressure

Question 34

What is contained within a neurovascular/intercostal bundle?

Answer 34

Artery, vein, nerve

Question 35

What is the name for splitting of blood vessels into two/three?

Answer 35

Bi/trifurcation

Question 36

In what direction do veins drain blood?

Answer 36

Superficial to deep to vena cava

Question 37

Where does lymph return to the blood?

Answer 37

The left/right venous angle

Question 38

What are the three types of nerve?

Answer 38

Sensory, special sensory, motor

Question 39

What do special sensory nerves sense?

Answer 39

Taste, sight, smell, hearing, balance

Question 40

What is the name for a collection of neurons?

Answer 40

Ganglion

Question 41

What are bundles of nerves names in the CNS/PNS?

Answer 41

Tract (CNS)/ Nerve (PNS)

Question 42

Sensory and motor nerves have three modalities each - what are they?

Answer 42

Sensory - somatic, special sensory, visceral afferent | Motor - somatic, symp, parasymp

Question 43

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

Answer 43

Afferent -> PNS to CNS. Efferent -> CNS to PNS

Question 44

From front to back, name the four lobes of the brain.

Answer 44

Frontal, parietal (superior), temporal (inferior), occipital

Question 45

Describe the difference between sulci and gyri.

Answer 45

Folds in the brain - gyrus is superior part, sulcus in inferior part

Question 46

What are the four spinal nerve regions?

Answer 46

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal

Question 47

How many spinal nerves are there in each area?

Answer 47

Cervical - 8, thoracic - 12, lumbar - 5, sacral/coccygeal 5 + 1

Question 48

Describe the difference between the posterior and anterior rami.

Answer 48

Posterior supplies only small part of posterior strip. Anterior supplies everything else, including limbs and plexus

Question 49

What is the dermatome map used for?

Answer 49

Shows where each spinal nerve supplies in the body.

Question 50

Which spinal nerve supplies the nipple line?

Answer 50

T4

Question 51

Which spinal nerve supplies the umbilicus line?

Answer 51

T10

Question 52

Where is the only location of spinal nerves?

Answer 52

Intervertebral foramen

Question 53

Describe the pain felt in somatic vs autonomic pain

Answer 53

Somatic is specific, localised pain. Autonomic is dull, achy, nauseating, not localised

Question 54

Describe the two planes when lying down.

Answer 54

Supine (head up) prone (head down)

Question 55

Name the three main planes when standing up.

Answer 55

Transverse (superior/inferior), sagittal (left/right), coronal (anterior/posterior)

Question 56

Name the five main pairs of opposites in anatomy.

Answer 56

Medial/lateral, proximal/distal, left/right, superior/inferior, superficial/deep

Question 57

Name the dorsal surfaces of the wrist, hand, tongue, and foot.

Answer 57

Volar, palmar, ventral, plantar

Question 58

What is the name for two structures which are on the same side of the body, and for opposites?

Answer 58

Ipsilateral, contralateral

Question 59

Describe the two main movements of the arms.

Answer 59

Abduction/adduction (lateral/medial), flexion/extension (anterior/posterior)

Question 60

Describe the movement of the hand from the anatomical to supine position and back.

Answer 60

Pronation/supination

Question 61

Describe the movement of fingers (namely thumb/finger together)

Answer 61

Reposition/opposition

Question 62

What are the three periods of growth in the uterus called and which carries the most risk?

Answer 62

Conceptus, embryonic, foetal (embryonic)

Question 63

Describe the genesis of gametes.

Answer 63

Mother cell -> primary spermato/oocyte -> 2x secondary -> 4x early -> 4x late -> 4x sperm/1x ovum + 3x polar bodies

Question 64

Describe when oocytes transition from early to late.

Answer 64

During puberty: they arrest in prophase

Question 65

Describe growth of the zygote until day 6 (when it is a blastocyst).

Answer 65

Cells divide within the zona pelucida, until 16+ cells are reached (morula). Addition of fluid causes this to become a blastocyst

Question 66

Describe the composition of the blastocyst.

Answer 66

Fluid and a cell mass (trophoblast)

Question 67

Between days 6 and 7.5, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall. Describe the composition.

Answer 67

Outer cytotrophoblast, inner synctiotrophoblast. Cell mass = embryoblast.

Question 68

Between days 7.5 and 9, germ layers begin to form. Describe changes in this time.

Answer 68

Formation of the hypo- and epiblast layers, and the primitive yolk sac and amniotic cavities.

Question 69

Describe the role of the synctiotrophoblast between days 9 and 12.

Answer 69

Grows and forms lacunae - capillary beds. Degenerates and fills primitive yolk sac with blood -> it is now the chorionic cavity.

Question 70

Which event occurs at day 13 of the conceptus period?

Answer 70

The connecting stalk forms

Question 71

In which germ layer does the primitive streak form?

Answer 71

Epiblast

Question 72

Describe the three major anatomical features of the primitive streak and their anatomical orientation.

Answer 72

Primitive pit, node, and groove run central to caudal. Cranial dip

Question 73

Describe the germ layers after the primitive streak has formed on day 13.

Answer 73

Epiblast + hypoblast become the ectoderm + definitive endoderm respectively. Mesoderm forms in middle

Question 74

Describe the folding of the germ layers (i.e. tube within a tube)

Answer 74

Ectoderm becomes outer, mesoderm central, and ectoderm central (this makes sense)

Question 75

There are six methods of primary growth of the embryo - what are they?

Answer 75

Cell division, differentiation, migration, induction, apoptosis, cell attachment

Question 76

What are the embryonic axes?

Answer 76

Cranial/caudal, ventral/dorsal

Question 77

What are the main events of the embryonic period?

Answer 77

Growth/weight gain, tissues mature (sexual/bone/nerve), organogenesis

Question 78

Which features of the zygote block multisperming?

Answer 78

Granules, acrosomal enzymes

Question 79

What is formed from the ectoderm layer?

Answer 79

Epidermis, nervous system

Question 80

What are the three layers of the mesoderm after further development?

Answer 80

Paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate (somatic/visceral)

Question 81

What forms from the endoderm layer?

Answer 81

Respiratory tract, gut, bladder, and urethra linings

Question 82

In day 9 of development, which key chemical is released and what is its primary purpose?

Answer 82

HCG - proliferates the corpus luteum, releases progesterone

Question 83

How does trisomy 21 occur?

Answer 83

Mitotic nondisjunction/anaphase lag