Histology

Question 1

Describe the phospholipid formation of the membrane.

Answer 1

Choline and phosphate lipids, and fatty acid chains

Question 2

Describe the different types of protein present in the cell membrane

Answer 2

Receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes. Integral vs peripheral

Question 3

What is the process of movement of material in and out of the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Endo/exocytosis

Question 4

How may proteins move in the cell membrane?

Answer 4

Lateral diffusion (vs anchoring)

Question 5

What are the three types of cell junction?

Answer 5

Tight, gap, communicating

Question 6

Describe the structure of the gap junction.

Answer 6

Binds to actin and cadherin, allows movement of molecules through cells and a pore

Question 7

Describe the communicating cellular junction.

Answer 7

Allows transfer directly of material - good for action potentials.

Question 8

What is the technical name for the cell membrane?

Answer 8

The plasmalemma

Question 9

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 9

A solution of plasma, electrolytes, and carbohydrates

Question 10

Describe the structure of the nucleus (excluding DNA)

Answer 10

Nucleus contains the nucleolus. Surrounded by the perinuclear cistern and pores. Rough ER attaches

Question 11

Describe the types and location of genetic information within the nucleus.

Answer 11

Nucleolus contains heterochromatin (resting), nucleus euchromatin (active)

Question 12

Where is the genetic information for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located?

Answer 12

The nucleolus

Question 13

Describe how synthesis of a protein begins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 13

Ribosome with mRNA recieves signal peptide sequence. Binds to rER and protein forms within

Question 14

What is synthesised within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 14

Lipids and hormone proteins

Question 15

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 15

Actin (microfilaments), intermediate filaments, microtubules (a/B tubulin dimers)

Question 16

Which enzymes move proteins on the cytoskeleton towards/away from the centre?

Answer 16

Kinesin ATPase (away), Dynein ATPase (towards)

Question 17

What is the name for a material within the cell which is disposable?

Answer 17

An inclusion

Question 18

Which chemical preserves a fixed sample in a life like state?

Answer 18

Formalin

Question 19

What is the term for the differences between a fixed sample and the original?

Answer 19

Artefacts

Question 20

Describe the H&E stain.

Answer 20

Haemotoxylin & Eosin - H stains acids blue, eosin stains bases red

Question 21

Describe the components/structure of hepatic lobules.

Answer 21

Portal veins and hepatic arteries drain to central (hepatic) vein. Sinusoids

Question 22

Describe the endocrine nature of the pancreas.

Answer 22

Islets of langerhaans produce hormones, i.e. insulin

Question 23

Describe the exocrine nature of the pancreas.

Answer 23

Produces juices containing proteases.

Question 24

Name the three salivary glands.

Answer 24

Sublingual, submandibular, parotid

Question 25

Describe the respiratory epithelium.

Answer 25

Pseudostratified columnar

Question 26

Describe how the very largest arteries differ from the arteries/arterioles.

Answer 26

Smooth muscle is replaced by elastic fibres, allowing expansion of aorta etc (keeping BP constant)

Question 27

What is the name of the vascular self-blood supply?

Answer 27

Vasa vasorum

Question 28

What are the three types of capillary?

Answer 28

Continous, fenestrated, discontinuous

Question 29

Which problem may capillary beds cause RBCs?

Answer 29

Sickle cell

Question 30

Describe the structure of capillary bed vessels.

Answer 30

Arterioles -> metarteriole -> capillary -> thoroughfare channel -> post capillary venule

Question 31

What controls entry of blood into capillaries?

Answer 31

Precapillary sphincter

Question 32

Describe the purpose and structure of lymph vessels.

Answer 32

Immune surviellence - hydrostatic pressure and valves and compression makes flow

Question 33

Describe the structure of centrifugation of plasma.

Answer 33

Supernatant (top) - plasma. Pellet (bottom) - formed elements

Question 34

What are the three types of formed elements?

Answer 34

Erthythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Question 35

Describe the classification of leukocytes.

Answer 35

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), agranulocytes (macrophages/monocytes, lymphocytes)

Question 36

Which leukocytes are multilobed and which are bilobed?

Answer 36

Multilobed - neutrophil. Bilobed - eosinophil, basophil

Question 37

Describe basophils and eosinophils.

Answer 37

Basophils stain blue H&E (acidic), eosinophils stain red H&E (basic)

Question 38

Which cell are platelets formed from?

Answer 38

Megakaryotes

Question 39

What is the name for formation of erthyrocytes? When/where does this occur in the growth period?

Answer 39

Haemopoeisis. 3 weeks - yolk sac. Then spleen and liver.

Question 40

What are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 40

Hard connective, soft connective, blood/lymph

Question 41

What are the two types of hard connective tissue?

Answer 41

Bone and cartilage

Question 42

Describe the structure of bone - including cellular structure and anatomical structure.

Answer 42

Haversian canals and osteocytes. Epiphyses (ends, cancellous) and diaphyes (middle, cortical)

Question 43

Describe the vascular nature of hard connective tissue.

Answer 43

Bone has Haversian canals. Cartilage is avascular.

Question 44

Name the main type of cartilage cell, and the three types of cartilage.

Answer 44

Chondrocyte. Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 45

Connective tissue is made of two primary structures. What are these? What additional substances make these up?

Answer 45

Extracellular matrix (fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid). Cells - fibroblasts, adipose

Question 46

Describe the two types of soft connective tissue.

Answer 46

Loose and dense (packing). Dense can be irregularly or regularly alligned.

Question 47

What type of tissue are ligaments, tendons, mesentry, stroma, and skin dermis?

Answer 47

Soft connective.

Question 48

What is the purpose of muscle tissue? How does it achieve this purpose?

Answer 48

Contractile force - by contractile fibres actin and myosin

Question 49

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 49

Smooth (involuntary), skeletal, cardiac

Question 50

What are the three main purposes of epithelial cells?

Answer 50

Cover body cavities, form glands, covers surfaces

Question 51

Name the three types of epithelial cell, and the three types of epithelial layer.

Answer 51

Cuboidal, squamous, columnar. Stratified, pseudostratified, simple

Question 52

Describe goblet cells.

Answer 52

Columnar epithelial cells which secrete mucus

Question 53

Describe the exocrine and endocrine nature of glandular epithelial cells.

Answer 53

Exocrine - secretes apically (lumen/duct/body surface) | Endocrine - secretes basally (vascalature)

Question 54

What is the basement membrane formed of, and what is its purpose?

Answer 54

Basal and reticular lamina - connects epithelium to connective tissue

Question 55

Describe the classification of nervous cells.

Answer 55

Neurons and glia (support cells). Glia split into astrocytes and oligdodendrocyes.

Question 56

What are the purposes of astrocytes and oligdodendrocytres?

Answer 56

Astro - blood-brain barrier. Oligdo - produces myelin (for sheaths)

Question 57

Name the two different tissue coats for the PNS and CNS.

Answer 57

CNS - meninges. PNS - epineurium

Question 58

Name the three different type of nerve cell polarities.

Answer 58

Unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar