Anatomy

Question 1

what does the urinary tract consist of?

Answer 1

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 2

divisions of the ureters

Answer 2

abdominal
pelvic
intravesical

Question 3

are the kidneys retroperitoneum organs?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what are the kidneys enclosed within?

Answer 4

renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
paranephric fat
visceral peritoneum

Question 5

why is the right kidney inferior to the left?

Answer 5

due to the size of the liver

Question 6

location of the right kidney and hilum

Answer 6

L1-L3

hilum at L1/2

Question 7

location of the left kidney and hilum

Answer 7

T12-L2

hilum at L1

Question 8

what ribs protect the kidney?

Answer 8

floating ribs 11 and 12

Question 9

what does the renal hilum consist of?

Answer 9

renal pelvis
renal artery
renal vein
lymphatics
nerves
renal sinus fat

Question 10

why is the left renal vein longer than the right?

Answer 10

passes over the aorta anteriorly to join right-sided IVC

Question 11

how does the kidney move inferior during inspiration

Answer 11

liver and spleen touch diaphragm and kidneys so when lungs expands it pushes them inferiorly

Question 12

lymphatic drainage of the urinary system

Answer 12

lumbar nodes (aorta and IVC)
iliac nodes (common, external and internal)

Question 13

two types of RAS when associated with AAA

Answer 13

infra-renal AAA= both caused by atherosclerosis

supra-renal AAA = occlusion by aneurysm

Question 14

management of RAS associated with AAA

Answer 14

EVAR

Question 15

examples of anatomical variations of the urinary tract

Answer 15

horseshoe kidney
ectopic pelvic kidney
bifid renal pelvis

Question 16

urine drainage pathway through the kidney

Answer 16

nephron collecting duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter

Question 17

places where diameter of the ureters reduces (points of constriction and most likely places for calculi)

Answer 17

pelvi-ureteric junction
ureter crossing common iliac artery
ureteric orifice

Question 18

two types of ureteric obstructions

Answer 18

• internal e.g. impacted renal calculus or blood clot

- external e.g. expanding mass

Question 19

what produces peristalsis of the ureters?

Answer 19

smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters

Question 20

why is calculi experienced as colicky pain?

Answer 20

peristalsis increases proximal to the obstruction to try and remove it

Question 21

define renal failure

Answer 21

inability to filter blood to produce urine

Question 22

define hydronephrosis

Answer 22

water inside the kidney caused as there is back pressure caused by the obstruction

Question 23

what is the pelvic floor muscle?

Answer 23

levator ani

Question 24

what direction to the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall? and why?

Answer 24

inferomedial direction

to prevent reflux of urine when ureters contract

Question 25

what is the trigone and what makes it up

Answer 25

this is a smooth area of the posterior bladder forms by the two ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

Question 26

what muscle forms the bladder wall?

Answer 26

detrusor muscle

Question 27

pouches in females

Answer 27

``` vesicouterine pouch rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) ```

Question 28

two routes of catheterising patients

Answer 28

urethral | suprapubic

Question 29

embryological development of the testes

Answer 29

posterior abdomen through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

Question 30

what supports the functioning of the testes?

Answer 30

spermatic cord

Question 31

what does the spermatic cord consist of?

Answer 31

``` testicular artery testicular vein vas deferens lymphatics nerves (autonomic for smooth muscle of vas and somatic for cremaster) ```

Question 32

what do the testes sit inside when in the scrotum

Answer 32

tunica vaginalis

Question 33

define hydrocele

Answer 33

excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis

Question 34

route of sperm leaving the testes

Answer 34

vas deferens seminal vesicle ejaculatory duct prostatic urethra