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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What muscles are responsible for opening and closing of the mouth?

A

Opening - lateral pytergoid

Closing - temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

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2
Q

What nerve controls mastication?

A

CN V3

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3
Q

Name the bony processes of the TMJ and what bone they belong to

A

Head of the condylar process - mandible
Articular tubercle - temporal
Mandibular fossa - temporal

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4
Q

Name the three salivary glands in the face and what nerve controls each

A

Parotid - CN IX
Sublingual - CN VII
Submandibular - CN VII

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5
Q

Describe the nervation for superior and inferior halves of oral cavity

A

Superior - CN V2

Inferior - CN V3

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6
Q

What gland inserts into the mouth via the floor of the mouth with linguinal caruncle

A

Submandibular

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7
Q

Name the tonsils that can be seen at the back of the mouth

A

Palatine

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8
Q

What nerves can be found in the tongue, anterior and posterior regions? What nerve is responsible for taste?

A

Ant 2/3 - CN V3 and CN VII (taste)

Post 1/3 - CN IX

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9
Q

What papillae have no taste? Name the other papillae found on tongue from most distal to proximal

A 
Filiform - just touch and temp found at tip of tongue
Filiform 
Fungiform 
Follate (back side of tongue)
Vallate (large back of tongue) 
GO TO MINDMAP !!
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10
Q

What nerve controls muscle found around lips and what is it called?

A

CN VII

Orbicularis oris

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11
Q

What nerves control motor and sensory response of gag reflex

A

Motor - CN IX and CN X
Sensory - CN IX
Link to muscle innervation of pharynx and post tongue

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12
Q

What roles do the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue have?

A

Intrinsic - shape of tongue (intrinsic = natural -> nautrally have shape to our tongues)
Extrinsic - poistion of tongue

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13
Q

Name the 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of tongue. What nerve controls them?

A

Palatoglossus - CN X
Styloglossus - CN XII
Hyoglossus - CN XII
Genioglossus - CN XII

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14
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

Where can the superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor muscles be found?

A

Outer circular layer of muscle in pharynx

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the circular and longitudinal muscle in pharynx?

A

Circular - CN X and CN IX

Longitudinal - CN X

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17
Q

What level does the pharynx become the anatomical upper oesophageal sphincter and then oesophagus?

A

C6

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18
Q

At what level does the oesophagus, aorta and IVCpass through the diaphragm?

A

I ate 10 eggs at 12
IVC - T8
Oesophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

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19
Q

What is different about the muscle layers in the stomach?

A

The stomach has an oblique layer in muscularis externa

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20
Q

Name the layers of the digestive tract wall from most deep to superficial

A 
Mucosa
   - Epithelium
   - Lamina Propria
   - Mucularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa 
Adventita

MSMS and ELM tree

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21
Q

Differentiate between visceral and somatic pain

A

Visceral - dull and achy - hard to localise

Somatic - sharp and stabbing - easy to localise

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22
Q

Whats the only part of GI tract that has oblique muscle in muscularsis externa as well as circular and longitudinal?

A

Stomach - oblique - deepest layer

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23
Q

Thinking of the wee man name the branches of the coeliac trunk

A

Look at mindmap

  1. Left gastric artery
  2. Splhenic artery
  3. Common hepatic artery
    - > gastric duodenal
    - > right gastric artery
    - > proper hepatic artery
    • > left hepatic artery
    • > right hepatic artery
      • > cystic artery
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24
Q

What arteries anastome on lesser and greater curvature of stomach?

What artery supplies the posterior aspect of the stomach?

A

Lesser - right and left gastric arteries

Greater - right and left gastro-omental arteries

Sphlenic

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25
What level does the coeliac trunk appear?
just after T12 (aortic hiatus)
26
What artery gives rise to superior panceratic-duodenal?
Gastroduodenal
27
Name the layers of the abdominal muscles from most superficial to deep
``` External oblique Internal oblique (rectus abdominis same level in midline) Transversus abdominis ```
28
Name the 9 regions of the abdo
Right hypochondrium, epigastric. left hypochondrium Right lumbar, umbilicus, left lumbar Right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal
29
Name the 4 nerves of the abdo. body wall from superior to inferior
Thoraco-abdominal Subcostal Iliohypogastric Iliohypoinginual
30
The abdominal body wall is innervated with paraysympathetic, somatic motor and sensory nerves. True/False
False - somatic sensory and motor AND SYMPATHETIC nerves
31
It is known a patient has a problem with their small bowel. Pain is felt in the epigastric region. What part of the small bowel is likely to be affected?
Duodenum as foregut organ | Pain for jejenum and ileum likely to be felt in umbilical area due to being midgut organs
32
Is the small intestine intra or retroperitoneal?
The first part of duodenum ad is intraperitoneal like the rest of the small bowel. The descending, horizontal and ascending part of duodenum is retroperitoneal
33
Difference between intraperitoneal, with a mesentry and retroperitoneal?
Intra - covered in visceral peritoneum - minimal movement against the posterior body wall Retro - visceral peritoneum on anterior surface only - held in retroperitoneum (think retro = old days = hidden away) With mesentry - means very mobile - double layer of visceral peritoneum behind the organ allowing it to be suspended from posterior abdo wall
34
Where do panceratic and bile secretions enter the duodenum
In the descending part of the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla - protusion of the Ampulla of Vater
35
How can you tell the difference between the ileum and jejenum?
only macroscopically | jejunum has plicae circulares (folds in mucosa) gets more smooth as goes towards and through ileum
36
Where does jejunum start?
Duodenaljujenumonal flexture/junction
37
Where does ileum end and caecum start
Ileocaeceal junction
38
What are Peyer's Patches and where are they found?
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue - ileum
39
At what level would you find the 3 big branches of the abdominal aorta?
Coeliac trunk - T12 (same as aortic hiatis) SMA - L1 IMA - L2
40
Name the organs found in fore, mid and hind-gut and state the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to each
Fore - oesophagus, spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder, 1/2 pancreas to D2 duodenum Mid - D2 to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon and 1/2 pancreas Hind - distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal Fore - coeliac trunk, splenic vein and coeliac lymph nodes Mid - SMA, SMV and superior mesenteric lymph nodes Hind - IMA, IMV and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
41
Where would you find the Marginal Artery of Drummond and what is it? What is its clinical significance?
Anastomoses of IMA and SMA found as a continuous arterial circle along the inner border of the transverse colon Most common site of ischaemia - splenic flexure region
42
Name the branches of the SMA and IMA
``` SMA - superior panceraticodudoenal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular arteries to jejunum and ileum ``` IMA - left colic sigmoid colic superior rectal
43
When liver undergoes damage and portal pressure increases what can appear
Varices - dilation of anatomises sites between systemic and portal system - Oesophageal (between hepatic portal and azygous) - Caput medusae (reopen ligamentum teres) - Rectal varices (between IMV and internal iliac vein)
44
Describe the blood flow through portal system
IMV - splenic | Splenic and SMV -> hepatic portal vein -> IVC
45
Name the 4 lymph nodes of the abdo
Coeliac nodes Superior mesenteric nodes Inferior mesenteric nodes Lumbar nodes (kidneys, pelvis, abdo wall and limbs)
46
Where is fluid likely to gather in a patient in supine postion?
Subphrenic and LOWEST point = hepatorenal pouch (Pouch of Morrison)
47
Name the 4 lobes of the liver
Right Left Caudate Quadrate
48
What is the portal triad formed of?
Branches of: Hepatic portal vein Proper hepatic artery Common hepatic duct
49
How many functioning segments of the liver are there?
8
50
Describe blood and bile flow through a lobule
Blood flows from portal vein through sinusiods to central vein -> IVC Bile is produced by hepatocytes and flows towards bile duct via canaliculi -> gallbladder Flow is in opposite directions
51
What ribs protect the liver?
7-11 (think of 7/11)
52
What is Calot's Triangle used to find?
Cystic artery Inferior border of liver - to top Common hepatic duct Cystic duct
53
When the neck of the gallbladder narrows what is formed?
Cystic duct
54
Where is the gallbladder found?
On the posterior surface of the liver | Anteriorly to the duodenum
55
What is the Ampulla of Vater?
When common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together
56
Why are haustra formed and where are they found?
Colon | Formed by tonic contraction of teniae coli
57
What are teniae coli?
3 bands of longitudinal muscle from caceum to SIGMOID COLON
58
What is the name for the fatty deposits found on the colon?
Omental appendices
59
How does the caecum open into appendix?
Appendicular orifice
60
Colon has microvilli and villi. True/False?
False - colon has microvilli only | Small bowel - microvilli and villi
61
Function of the gallbladder
To store and concentrate bile
62
Where can pancreatic pain be felt?
Foregut - epigastric Midgut - umbilical Retroperitoneal - back pain
63
What organ can be found anteriorly to the aorta at L2 and anterior to left kidney, pointing towards the spleen?
Pancreas
64
What two ways does the pancreas get its arterial blood supply?
Tail - Branches off the splenic artery | Head - Inferior and superior pancreatico-dudodenal arteries anastomose
65
What nerves supply the pancreas?
Symp - abdominopelvic splanchnic | Para - vagus nerve
66
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine gland of pancreas?
Endocrine - released into blood - involves Islets of Langerhans - insulin and glucagon Exocrine - released into bile ducts - digestive juices and enxymes
67
Describe the pathway of exocrine enzyme production in pancreas?
Produced by acinar cells -> collecting ducts -> pancreatic duct
68
What is the difference between haemorrhoids and rectal varices?
Rectal varices - related to portal hypertension and dilation of collateral veins Haemorrhoids - prolapse of rectal venous plexus due to increased general pressure (not blood pressure)
69
Name the 3 muscles which make up the pelvic floor muscle and what is it's name?
Levator ani - Puborectalis - Pubococcygeal - Ileococcygeal
70
What happens to the levator ani muscle on coughing and sneezing
Reflexively contracts further
71
What nerve supplies the levator ani?
S2, 3 and 4 | S2, 3 and 4 keep the 3 Ps off the floor - poo, pee and penis
72
At what stage does the sigmoid colon become the rectum and the rectum become the anal canal?
Sigmoid colon -> rectum = ant. to S3 | Rectum -> anal canal = ant. to coccyx
73
What is the pectinate line?
An embryological line in anal canal Above = endoderm = GI tract Below = ectoderm = skin
74
Name the artery, vein and lymph for the anal canal
Above pectinate line = rectum and proximal 1/2 of anal canal A - IMA (via sup rectal artery) V - IMV (via sup rectal vein - portal system) L - IM lymph nodes Below pectinate line = distal 1/2 of anal canal A - internal iliac artery (via middle and inferior rectal arteries) V - internal iliac vein (systemic system) L - superficial inguinal nodes
75
What two sphincters are present in the anus? What muscle are each made up of?
Internal sphinter = smooth muscle | External sphincter = skeletal muscle
76
What sphincter in the anus in constantly contracted until distension causes relaxation and defeacation?
Internal is constantly contracted until distension causes relaxation WITH contraction of external = defecation
77
Name the areas on either side of the anal canal filled with fat and connective tissue. What do these areas become a risk site for?
Ishioanal fossae | Sites of abscess formation
78
What level is the bifurcation of the aorta?
L4
79
What artery does the cystic artery most commonly branch off?
Right hepatic artery
80
Where is the site of the femoral artery?
Halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis
81
What ligament is the portal triad found in?
Hepatoduodenal ligament

GI (26 decks)

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