Histology

Question 1

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Answer 1

Mucosa

• Epithelium
• Lamina Propria
• Muscualris mucosae

Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/Adventita

(M,S,M,S)
And ELM tree

Question 2

Where is the GALT found?

Answer 2

Lamina propria

Question 3

Where is the submucosa plexus found?

Answer 3

Submucosa

Question 4

Where is the myenteric plexus found?

Answer 4

Muscularis externa

Question 5

What epithelium covers the oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx and tongue?

Answer 5

Stratified squamous epi

Question 6

What epithelium covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

Answer 6

Resp epi

Question 7

What papillae have no taste buds?

Answer 7

Filiform

Question 8

Name the 4 tonsils

Answer 8

Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual
Tubal

Question 9

What is the change in epithelium at the gastro-oesphageal junction?

Answer 9

Change from stratified squamous epi -> simple columnar epi

Question 10

What is the structure of the stomach mucosa

Answer 10

Gastric pits and glands
Superior - gastric pit
ISTHMUS
Inferior - gastric pit

Question 11

What is the function of parietal cells?

Answer 11

To produce HCl

Question 12

What is the function of chief cells?

Answer 12

To produce digestive enzymes

Question 13

What is the function of stem cells?

Answer 13

To produce new cells

Question 14

What is the function of the enteroendocrine cells?

Answer 14

Produce hormones to control secretions and motility

Question 15

What is special about the muscularis externa of the stomach

Answer 15

Contains an oblique layer underneath the circular layer

From deep to superfical
Oblique
circular
Longitudinal

Question 16

What makes the gastroduodenal junction?

Answer 16

Pyloric sphincter

Question 17

What is the structure of the small intestine mucosa?

Answer 17

Villi and Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 18

What are enterocytes?

Answer 18

Absorptive intestinal cells

Question 19

What are goblet cells?

Answer 19

Mucus producing cells

Question 20

What are paneth cells?

Answer 20

Cells that produce antibacterial properties

Question 21

What region of the small intestine has plicae circularis?

Describe mucosal changes from jejunum to ileum

Answer 21

Jejunum

Jejunum has plicae circularis (folds) gets increasingly smoother as you reach distal ileum

Question 22

What region of the small intestine has Peyer’s Patches?

Answer 22

Ileum - aggregates of lymphoid tissue

Question 23

What region of the small intestine has Brunner’s Glands and what are they?

Answer 23

Duodenum - glands which secrete alkaline fluid to buffer the highly acidic chyme coming from the stomach

Question 24

What is the structure of the large intestine mucosa?

Answer 24

Crypts but no villi (still microvilli/brush border

Question 25

What are the 2 main cell types of the large intestine?

Answer 25

Enterocytes | Goblet cells

Question 26

What are the teniae coli?

Answer 26

3 bands of longitudinal muscle which run from caceum to sigmoid colon

Question 27

What is present in large amounts in the appendix?

Answer 27

Lymphoid tissue

Question 28

What is at the centre of a liver lobule?

Answer 28

Central vein

Question 29

What are at the corners of a liver lobule?

Answer 29

Portal triad

Question 30

What are the main cells of the liver?

Answer 30

Hepatocytes

Question 31

What travels through the sinusoids and where does it go?

Answer 31

Blood from hepatic artery and portal vein and runs through sinusoid being "cleaned" into the central vein

Question 32

What are Kuppffer cells?

Answer 32

Macrophages found in the sinusoids

Question 33

What is the name for the space between sinusoid and hepatocyte called?

Answer 33

Space of Disse

Question 34

What type of cells can be found in the Space of Disse?

Answer 34

Hepatic stellate cells - fibroblasts (can create scar tissue when liver undergoes damage)

Question 35

What are the 3 blood vessels supplying/draining the liver?

Answer 35

Hepatic artery Hepatic vein (flow into IVC) Portal vein

Question 36

What is the opening at the hilum of the liver called?

Answer 36

Porta hepatis

Question 37

What 3 vessels make up the portal triad?

Answer 37

Hepatic artery Portal vein Bile duct

Question 38

What cells produce bile?

Answer 38

Hepatocytes

Question 39

What is the function of bile

Answer 39

To emulsify fats

Question 40

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 40

To concentrate and store bile

Question 41

What nerve stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

Answer 41

Vagus nerve

Question 42

What hormone stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

Answer 42

CCK

Question 43

What epi can be found in the gallbladder?

Answer 43

Simple columnar epi

Question 44

What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 44

To produce digestive enzymes

Question 45

What are the secretory/functional cells of the pancreas?

Answer 45

Acinar cells

Question 46

What is the function of the zymogen granules?

Answer 46

Organelle responsible for | Sorting, packaging and regulation of secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 47

Are the enzymes produced activated or inactivated?

Answer 47

Inactivated become activated in the duodenum

Question 48

What is the name for the cells of the intercalated duct that extend into the acinus?

Answer 48

Centroacinar cells

Question 49

What is the name for the pacemaker cells of the GI tract and where are they found?

Answer 49

Intersital cells of Cajal - in plexus connected to smooth muscle

Question 50

Name the 2 plexuses found in the GI tract and state their location

Answer 50

Myentric plexus - muscularsis externa | Submucosal plexus - submucosa