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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, control of muscles, interpreting what happens inside/outside.

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4
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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5
Q

Describe anatomy of the cerebellum?

A
  • There are two hemispheres (right and left) which is separated by the vermis and two lobes (anterior and posterior).
  • Surface folds are known as folia.
  • Contains gray matter and white matter.
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6
Q

What structures are present in gray matter of cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebellar Cortex

- Cerebellar Nuclei

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7
Q

What structures are present in white matter of cerebellum?

A

Superior, inferior, middle cerebellar peduncles

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8
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum and has thin sheets of neurons.

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9
Q

What are the types of cerebral cortex?

A
  • Neocortex: more than 6 cell layers

- Allocortex: less than 6 cell layers

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10
Q

What is the anatomy of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Outer surface is ridge/bump called a gyrus.
  • Precentral gyrus (before) and post central gyrus (after).
  • Shallow groove/depression known as sulcus
  • One sulcus is central sulcus
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11
Q

What are the 3 ways to identify areas of the brain?

A

1) Anatomy
2) Brodmann’s Map
3) Function
- Motor (movement)
- Sensory (senses)
- Association areas

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12
Q

What are areas of the cerebellum that can’t be seen from the surface?

A

Insula (deep in lateral tissue) and cingulate gyrus (deep in the longitudinal fissure).

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13
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A
  • Corpus callous connects left and right cerebral hemisphere
  • Large bundle neural fibres (axons)
  • Information bridge for communication between L and R sides
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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cerebrum?

A
  • Longitudinal fissure
  • Anterior commissure
  • Internal capsule
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15
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A
  • Masses of gray matter deep within the brain.

- Large bundles of axons around= called basal ganglia

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16
Q

What are the 4 parts of the basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Both called Striatum*
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Subthalamus Nucleus
  • Both called Lentiform Nuclei*`
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17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Functional grouping of structures located along the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon.
  • Involved in emotional states, linking conscious and unconscious thoughts and memory
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18
Q

What is the amyglada?

A
  • Acts as an interface between limbic system, cerebrum and sensory organs.
  • Important role in emotion.
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19
Q

Describe the ventricular system

A

Fluid filled cavities (ventricles) containing cerebrospinal fluid.

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20
Q

What are the 4 ventricles in the ventricular system?

A
  • 2 x lateral ventricles, 1 in L and R hemispheres
  • Interventricular Foramen*
  • Third ventricle within diencephalon
  • Cerebral Aqueduct*
  • Fourth ventricle between brainstem and cerebellum
  • Central Canal*
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21
Q

How does the cerebellum and cerebrum attach to brain stem?

A

-Via the cerebral peduncle and cerebellar peduncle

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22
Q

What are aspects of the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus: Relay and processing centres for sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: Controls emotion, autonomic functions, hormone production
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23
Q

What are 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla Oblongata

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24
Q

What is the midbrain?

A
  • Processes visual and auditory information.
  • Generates reflexive motor responses in somatic NS.
  • Maintains consciousness.
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25
What is the pons?
Relays sensory of information to cerebellum and thalamus.
26
What is the medulla oblongata?
- Relays sensory information to thalamus and brainstem, - Regulates organ systems - Maintain stable position of head and posture
27
Name the 12 cranial nerves
``` I- Olfactory II- Optic III- Oculomotor IV- Trochlear V- Trigeminal VI- Abducens VII- Facial VIII- Vestibulocochlear IX- Glossopharyngeal X- Vagus XI- Accessory Nerve XII- Hypoglossal ```
28
What is the function of Olfactory Nerve?
* Sensory* | - Smell
29
What is the function of Optic Nerve?
* Sensory* | - Vision
30
What is the function of Oculomotor Nerve?
* Motor* | - Eye movement
31
What is the function of Trochlear Nerve?
* Motor* | - Eye movement
32
What is the function of Trigeminal Nerve?
* Both* | - Jaw movement and face sensation
33
What is the function of Abducens Nerve?
* Motor* | - Eye movement
34
What is the function of Facial Nerve?
* Both* | - Facial expressions and taste on anterior tongue
35
What is the function of Vestibulocochlear Nerve?
*Sensory | Balance, equilibrium and hearing
36
What is the function of Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
*Both* Controls throat muscles for swallowing, salivary glands (motor) Taste on posterior tongue and monitors blood pressure (sensory)
37
What is the function of Vagus Nerve?
*Both* Controls organ function, respiratory muscles, throat muscles (motor). Transmits sensory information from visceral organs (sensory).
38
What is the function of Accessory Nerve?
*Motor* | Controls neck and upper back muscles
39
What is the function of Hypoglossal Nerve?
*Motor* | Tongue movement
40
How is the CNS protected by the spinal cord?
- Lies within the vertebral column, specifically in the vertebral foramen. It is protected by the vertebral body and spinous process. - Arrangement provides protection for the spinal cord, as vertebral body protects from front and spinous process of each vertebrae protects from back.
41
Describe arrangement of the spinal nerves
Enter and exit the spinal cord at side of each vertebra. - Cervical enlargement (arm nerves) - Lumbar enlargement (leg nerves)
42
Describe the internal anatomy of the spinal cord
- Gray matter (cell bodies) | - White matter (axons); carries information from place to place.
43
What are the protective structures of the spinal cord?
Meninges - 3 membranes visible within the outer edges of brain and spinal cord and protects CNS. - Dural folds support and stabilize the brain and large veins (sinus).
44
What are the 3 meninges in the spinal cord?
- Dura mater (inner) - Arachnoid membrane (middle) - Pia mater (outer)
45
What are the spaces in-between the meninges called?
- Subdural space | - Subarachnoid space
46
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Transports nutrients and | waste products, provides layer of cushioning around brain and spinal cord.
47
Name the many functions of the hypothalamus?
- Collection of nuclei in the diencephalon. - Behavioural drives - Control of circadian rhythm. - Adjust heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive function. - Coordination of autonomic and voluntary functions. - Subconscious control of skeletal muscle contraction - Hormone secretion. - Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine system.
48
How does the hypothalamus coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine system?
1) Secretes regulatory hormones in anterior pituitary gland 2) Releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) via posterior pituitary gland 3) Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla
49
What are the functions of the pituitary gland?
- Controlled by hypothalamus | - Secretes 9 hormones: 7 produced in pituitary gland and 2 released by pituitary gland
50
What is the function of the pineal gland?
- Secretes melatonin involved in circadian rhythm (sleep/wake) - Inhibits reproductive function.
51
Name the major arteries of the brain?
- Vertebral Artery: supplies blood to rest of brain | - Internal Carotid: supplies blood to anterior cerebrum
52
What are the arteries in the Circle of Willis
- Anterior Communicating Artery. - Anterior Cerebral Artery. - Posterior Communicating Artery. - Posterior Cerebral Artery.
53
Name the major veins of the brain?
- Internal jugular veins | - Vertebral veins (drains venous blood towards the heart)
54
Describe the key structures in each spinal segment
- 2 ventral and dorsal roots | - 2 spinal nerves
55
What are the function of each key structures?
- Sensory information enters CNS (afferent) | - Motor commands exiting CNS (efferent)
56
What are aspects of the somatic nervous system?
- Skeletal muscle - Skin - Joints - Transmit sensory information and motor commands
57
What are the name of the 4 major plexuses
1) Cervical 2) Brachial 3) Lumbar 4) Sacral
58
What is an example of peripheral nerve in cervical plexus?
Phrenic
59
What is an example of peripheral nerve in brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous Radial Ulnar Median
60
What is an example of peripheral nerve in lumbar plexus?
Femoral | Saphenous
61
What is an example of peripheral nerve in sacral plexus?
Sciatic | Tibial
62
What are aspects of the autonomic nervous system?
- Smooth muscle - Cardiac muscle - Glands - Adipose tissue
63
What are the anatomy and function of the sympathetic NS?
- Branches from thoracic/lumbar spinal nerves - Fight, flight or fright - Increased HR & BP, glucose mobilisation - Decreased digestion
64
What are the anatomy and function of the parasympathetic NS?
- Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X - Pelvic nerves S2-S4 - Rest and digest - Facilitates digestion, energy storage, group and immune response - Decreased HR and BP - Increased digestion

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