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Medicine Dermatology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is superficial fascia mainly composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue and fat

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2
Q

What provides most of the body’s fat storage?

A

Superficial fascia

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3
Q

True or false - the superficial fascia varies in depth

A

True

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4
Q

What does superficial fascia carry?

A

Superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands

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5
Q

What is deep fascia mainly composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue. It is relatively tough and sheet like

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6
Q

What does the deep fascia cover?

A

Most of the body deep to skin and superficial fascia

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of deep fascia

A

White, sometimes glistening

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8
Q

Function of the deep fascia

A

Divides limbs into compartments

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9
Q

What is deep fascia named according to?

A

The body region it is located in

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10
Q

Deep fascia in the upper limb

A

Pectoral fascia, deltoid fascia, brachial fascia, anti-brachial fascia

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11
Q

Deep fascia in the lower limb

A

Fascia lata - thigh
Iliotibial tract
Crural fascia - bottom of leg

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12
Q

Iliotibial tract

A

Thickened band of fascia lata at the lateral aspect of the thigh

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13
Q

Where does the iliotibial tract insert onto the ilium and tibia

A

Inserts onto the ilium superiorly and tibia inferiorly

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14
Q

Intermuscular septa

A

Thickened sheet of fascia

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15
Q

Muscles within a compartment will have __ actions and __ __ nerve supply

A

Similar, the same

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16
Q

Clinical importance of deep fascia

A

Contain and direct the spread of infections/tumours, help to stop the muscle bellies from expanding too far during contraction, and help form part of the muscular venous pump, helping pump blood back to the heart against gravity

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17
Q

Where do the basilic and cephalic veins originate?

A

The dorsal venous network on dorsum of hand

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18
Q

Houseman’s vein

A

The section of the cephalic vein on the lateral aspect of the distal forearm. Often readily accessible for sitting a cannula

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19
Q

Describe the course of the cephalic vein

A

Originates in dorsal venous network on dorsum of hand
Runs anteriorly on the midline of the biceps brachii muscle
As it courses proximally it runs through the deltopectoral groove then dives through deep fascia in the deltopectoral triangle to join the axillary vein

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20
Q

Where does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?

A

Lateral border of rib 1

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21
Q

True or false: in 20% of people, the median vein of the forearm bifurcates into the median cephalic vein and median basilic vein

A

True - these people do not usually have a median cubital vein

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22
Q

Medial cubital vein

A

Connection of cephalic and basilic vein

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23
Q

Describe the course of the basilic vein

A

Originates in dorsal venous network on dorsum of hand
Runs proximal on the medial aspect of the anterior forearm
It continues proximally before piercing the deep fascia to become the brachial vein at about mid-arm level

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24
Q

Veins in the cubital fossa

A

Median cephalic vein, median basilic vein, median vein of the forearm

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25
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein arise?

A

Medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch (from the foot)

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26
Q

Describe the course of the great saphenous vein

A

Arises from medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch
Travels proximally up medial aspect of limb
Lies immediately anterior to the medial malleolus
Drains into femoral vein, via the femoral triangle
Happens in anterior proximal thigh just distal to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

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27
Q

True or false - the great saphenous vein gets smaller as it travels proximally?

A

False - it gets bigger

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28
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein lie in relation to eh patella?

A

It lies approximately 1 hands breadth medial to the medial aspect of the patella

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29
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein arise?

A

Lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch

30
Q

Describe the course of the small saphenous vein

A

Arises from lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch
Travels up the posterior midline of leg
Drains into popliteal vein (posterior to knee)

31
Q

Describe the course of the deep veins of the upper limb

A

Superficial and deep palmar venous arches to
Radial and ulnar veins to
Brachial vein to
Axillary vein to
Subclavian which
Meets with internal jugular to make brachiocephalic vein which drains into SVC

32
Q

Describe the course of the deep veins of the lower limb

A 
Plantar arch to
Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibular vein to
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein 
Deep femoral vein comes to femoral vein to
External iliac vein
Common iliac vein
IVC
33
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Incompetent valves result in reverse flow into superficial veins, causing them to become weak and dilated

34
Q

Describe the arterial venous pump system

A

Veins that accompany arteries are called accompanying veins and are surrounded by arteries in a vascular sheath, as the artery expands, the veins are flattened and this helps push venous blood back towards the heart

35
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the upper limb

A

Starts with subclavian artery passing under the clavicle
Moving to axillary artery
Down as brachial artery
Gives off deep brachial artery branch
Within the cubical fossa, brachial artery bifurcates to give 2 branches:
o Radial artery (laterally)
o Ulnar artery (medially)
These connect with deep and superficial palmar arches
Branch into metacarpal and digital arteries

36
Q

How many digital arteries are there per digit?

A

4

37
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the lower limb

A

External iliac artery (from pelvis under inguinal ligament)
Becomes femoral artery (chief arterial supply to lower limb)
Deep femoral artery (profunda femorus) – arterial supply to the thigh via perforator branches
Femoral artery continues inferiorly to become popliteal artery posterior to knee
Branches to become anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries
Arteries in the foot:
o Dorsalis pedis artery (direct continuation of anterior tibial artery)
o Medial and lateral plantar arteries (bifurcating branches of posterior tibial artery)
o Arcuate artery (dorsal arch artery) and deep plantar arch
o Metatarsal and digital arteries

38
Q

True or false: digital arteries are end-arteries

A

True - they are the only blood supply to that area of the body

39
Q

How can blood loss from from an injury be prevented?

A

You can apply pressure proximal to the site of injury

40
Q

Pulse point you can palpate in the neck

A

Bifurcation of the common carotid artery

41
Q

Where can you palpate the common carotid artery?

A

Anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

42
Q

Pulse points you can palpate in the upper limb

A

Brachial artery and radial artery

43
Q

Where can you palpate the brachial artery?

A

Medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa

44
Q

Where can you palpate the radial artery?

A

Lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis

45
Q

Pulse points you can palpate in the lower limb

A

Femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery

46
Q

Where can you palpate the femoral artery?

A

Inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

47
Q

Where can you palpate the popliteal artery?

A

In the popliteal fossa - immediately posterior to knee

48
Q

Where can you palpate the posterior tibial artery?

A

Between the posterior border of the medial malleolus and achilles tendon

49
Q

Where can you palpate the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus just distal to the ankle joint

50
Q

True or false: lymphatics generally follow nerves

A

False - they generally follow veins

51
Q

Where do superficial lymphatics arise from?

A

Plexuses in fingers of hands

52
Q

Where do basilic lymphatics drain into?

A

Basilic veins drain into cubical lymph nodes then lateral axillary nodes

53
Q

Where do cephalic lymphatics drain into?

A

Cephalic veins drain straight up into apical axillary nodes

54
Q

Where do deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain into?

A

Lateral axillary lymph nodes

55
Q

Where do axillary lymph nodes drain into?

A

Subclavian lymphatics

56
Q

Where do the great saphenous lymphatics drain into?

A

Great saphenous tend to pass to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and then either the external iliac or deep inguinal nodes

57
Q

Where do the small saphenous lymphatics drain into?

A

Small saphenous pass to the popliteal fossa nodes then to deep inguinal nodes then to external iliac nodes

58
Q

Where do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain into?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

59
Q

Where do external iliac lymph nodes drain into?

A

Common iliac lymph nodes and enter lumbar lymphatics

60
Q

Ischaemia definition

A

Inadequate oxygenation of cells/tissue/organ due to interruption to blood supply (arterial or venous)

61
Q

Causes of reduced arterial perfusion pressure

A

Left ventricular failure
Arterial bleed (injury)
Arterial rupture (aneurysm)
Occlusion of lumen (atherosclerosis: PVD)
Arterial spasm
External compression of arterial supply (tumour, compartment syndrome, crossing legs, inflammation)§

62
Q

Causes of increased venous drainage pressure

A

Right (or congestive) heart failure
DVT
External compression e.g. tumour

63
Q

Steps in how immobility leads to DVT or ulceration

A

Immobility or venous valve failure → venous insufficiency → deep venous stasis (→ DVT or PE) or superficial microcirculatory deficiencies (very poor blood supply)(→ulceration)

64
Q

What is venous ulceration a result of?

A

Blood vessels in the skin being damaged, usually due to increase of venous pressure

65
Q

Where do most venous ulcerations affect?

A

The gaiter area - just above the ankle to just below the knee

66
Q

Where to arterial ulcerations tend to affect?

A

Foot

67
Q

Where can a thrombus, broken off from a DVT, occlude?

A 
Small peripheral artery
Segmental artery
Lobar artery
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
68
Q

Pathway of DVT in anterior/posterior tibial vein or fibular vein to pulmonary artery

A 
Anterior/posterior tibial vein or fibular vein →
Popliteal vein →
Femoral vein →
External iliac vein →
Common iliac vein →
Inferior vena cava →
Right atrium →
Right ventricle →
Pulmonary trunk →
Left or right pulmonary artery
69
Q

Type of infarction caused by thrombus blocking a small peripheral artery in the lung

A

Small wedge infarction

70
Q

Type of infarction caused by a thrombus blocking a segmental artery in the lung

A

Bronchopulmonary segment infarction

71
Q

Type of infarction caused by a thrombus blocking a complete lobar artery

A

Complete blockage of one lung lobe

72
Q

Type of infarction cause by a thrombus blocking the whole pulmonary artery

A

Complete lung

Medicine Dermatology (19 decks)

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