Anatomy and Anatomicomedical Terminology Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Approaches to studying anatomy
A
- Regional
- Systemic
- Clinical/Applied
2
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
- Divides the body into parts
- Emphasis on the relationship between structures within the region
3
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Organizes the body based on the organ systems within the body
4
Q
Clinical/Applied Anatomy
A
Emphasizes the importance of anatomy in a clinical (i.e. medicine, dentistry, etc)
5
Q
Major parts of the body
A
- Head
- Neck
- Thorax
- Back
- Abdomen
- Pelvis/Perineum
- Lower Limb
- Upper Limb
6
Q
Systems involved in systemic anatomy
A
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Articular
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Circulatory
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
- Endocrine
7
Q
Integumentary System
A
- AKA dermatology
- Skin and its appendages (hair and nails)
- Sensory organ, also forms a protective covering for the body
8
Q
Skeletal System
A
- AKA osteology or orthopedics
- Bones and cartilage
- Supports and protects the body
9
Q
Articular System
A
- AKA arthrology
- Joints and associated ligaments
- Connects the bones and provides the sites for muscle attachments
10
Q
Muscular System
A
- AKA myology
- Muscles contract to cause movement
11
Q
Nervous System
A
- AKA neurology
- Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
- Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, motor and sensory)
- Controls and coordinates the functions of the other organ systems
12
Q
Circulatory System
A
- AKA angiology
- Distributes fluids throughout the body
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphoid system
13
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
- AKA cardiology
- Heart and blood vessels
14
Q
Lymphoid System
A
- Network of lymphatic vessels
- Withdraws excess tissue fluid, filters through lymph nodes and returns to bloodstream
15
Q
Digestive System
A
- AKA alimentary system
- AKA Gastroenterology
- Organs and glands associated with ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food, and waste elimination
16
Q
Respiratory System
A
- AKA pulmonology
- Air passages and lungs for gas exchange
17
Q
Urinary System
A
- AKA urology
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- Blood filtration, and urine excretion
18
Q
Reproductive System
A
- AKA obstetrics and gynecology (female)
- AKA andrology (males)
- Consists of gonads (ovaries and testes)
- Produce oocytes (eggs) and sperm
- Other genital organs associated with reproduction
19
Q
Endocrine System
A
- AKA endocrinology
- Glands and cells which secrete hormones
20
Q
Anatomical position
A
- Head, gaze, and toes directed forward
- Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anterior
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes pointing anterior
21
Q
Median Sagittal Plane
A
Divides the body evenly in half
22
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Planes that run parallel to the median sagittal plane
23
Q
Frontal/Coronal Plane
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
24
Q
Transverse planes
A
Divides the body into inferior and superior portions
25
Oblique planes
Planes which do not align with sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes
26
Dorsum
Refers to the superior or dorsal surface of any body segment which protrudes anterior to the body
27
Plantar surface
Inferior aspect/bottom of foot
28
Palmar surface
Flat anterior aspect of hand
29
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
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Intermediate
Between a superficial and deep structure
31
Deep
Farther from the surface
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Medial
Nearer to median (sagittal) plane
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Lateral
Farther from median (sagittal) plane
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Posterior/Dorsal
Nearer to back
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Anterior/Ventral
Nearer to front
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Superior/Cranial
Nearer to head
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Inferior/Caudal
Nearer to feet
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Proximal
Nearer to trunk or point of origin
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Distal
Farther from trunk or point of origin
40
Flexion
- Sagittal plane
| - Decreases the angle between two body parts
41
Extension
- Sagital plane
| - Increases the angle between two body parts
42
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
43
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane
44
Pronation
When the palm or forearm faces down/posterior
45
Supination
When the palm or forearm faces up/anterior
46
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
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Adduction
Movement toward the midline
48
Lateral Flexion
Movement of the trunk away from the midline
49
Circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner
50
Scapular elevation
Superior movement of the scapula
51
Scapular depression
Inferior movement of the scapula
52
Scapular protraction
The scapula moves laterally and anteriorly along the chest wall
53
Scapular retraction
The scapula moves medially and posteriorly along the chest wall
54
Retrusion
Backward displacement
55
Protrusion
Forward displacement
56
Opposition of thumb
Movement of the thumb to the fingers
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Reposition of thumb
Movement of the thumb away from the fingers
58
Medial rotation
Rotational movement towards the midline
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Lateral rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline
60
Unilateral
Occurs on one side only
61
Bilateral
Occurs on both sides
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Ipsilateral
Occurring on the same side of the body
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Contralateral
Occurring on the opposite side of the body
64
Conventional radiography (X-ray)
X-rays differentiate tissues of varying density
65
Computerized tomography (CT)
X-ray beams pass through the body, and a computer compiles the data to recreate 2D and 3D images
66
Ultrasonography (US)
Ultrasonic waves are used to make an image (think echolocation or sonar)
67
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Better than CT scan for tissue differentiation
- Strong magnetic field is used while person is pulsed with radio waves
- Can create 2D or 3D images
- Image may be in ANY plane
68
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Radioactive isotopes with short half-life are put in a body
- Positrons being emitted create image
69
Human Movement System
- Combination of anatomic structures and physiologic functions
- Interact to move the body
70
Effector Systems
- Produce movement
- Muscular
- Skeletal
- Nervous
71
Support Systems
- Do not directly produce, but enable movement
- Cardiovascular
- Pulmonary
- Endocrine
- Integumentary
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
72
Surface anatomy
- Focuses on what can be touched on a living person
| - Essential to regional and clinical anatomy
73
Diagnosis
Systematic process to classify an individual into a category that guides intervention
74
Differential Diagnosis
The process of differentiating between 2+ conditions that share similar signs and symptoms
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Clinical reasoning
Steps up to and including establishing diagnosis and treatment
76
Clinical Reasoning Process
Clinical data --> Examination --> Evaluation --> Diagnosis --> Intervention --> Patient response --> Clinical data
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Coronal Axis
- X-axis
| - Side to side
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Vertical Axis
- Y-axis
| - Up and down
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Anteroposterior axis
- Z-axis
| - Front to back
80
List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiodense
- Compact bone
- Spongy bone
- Water/most tissues
- Fat
- Air
81
List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiolucent
- Air
- Fat
- Water/most tissues
- Spongy bone
- Compact bone
