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South College Human Anatomy 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Divisions of the skeletal system

A
  • Axial skeleton

- Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones of:

  • Head (cranium/skull)
  • Neck (cervical vertebrae)
  • Trunk
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3
Q

What does the trunk consist of?

A
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum
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4
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of the limbs

- Includes pectoral and pelvic girdles

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5
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Joints
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6
Q

Cartilage

A

Resilient, semirigid, avascular connective tissue

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7
Q

Where in the skeletal system can cartilage be found?

A
  • Where more flexibility is necessary

- Costal cartilages

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8
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Covers articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint

- Hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

Provides smooth, low-friction gliding surface for free movement

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10
Q

Ratio of cartilage:bone as you age

A
  • Young: cartilage > bone

- Older bone > cartilage

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11
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Salt storage (Ca++)
  • Blood cell formation
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12
Q

Composition of bone

A

Collagen fibers in a mineralized extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Characteristics from bone composition

A
  • Provides hardness

- Enhances rigidity

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14
Q

Principle bone cell types

A
  • Osteocytes (nutrition and metabolic exchange)
  • Osteoblasts (bone deposition)
  • Osteoclasts (bone resorption)
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15
Q

Types of bone

A
  • Woven (newly calcified, growing and healing)

- Lamellar (Compact & Spongy)

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16
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Only place where there’s only compact bone

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17
Q

What happens in the medullary cavity?

A

Blood cells and platelets are formed

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers bone

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19
Q

Perichondrium

A

The tissue that surrounds cartilage, except articular cartilage

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20
Q

Bone Classifications

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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21
Q

Long Bone

A

Tubular structures

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22
Q

Short Bone

A
  • Cuboidal

- Found only in ankle and wrist

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23
Q

Flat Bone

A

Usually protective (cranium)

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24
Q

Irregular Bone

A
  • Like those in the face

- Various shapes besides short, long, or flat

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25
Sesamoid Bone
- Develops in certain tendons - Protects tendons from excessive wear - Changes the angle of the tendons
26
Condyle
Rounded articular area
27
Crest
Ridge of bone
28
Epicondyle
Eminence superior to a condyle
29
Facet
- Smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage | - Where 2 bones articulate
30
Forament
Passage through a bone
31
Fossa
Hollow or depressed area
32
Line (linea)
Linear elevation
33
Malleolus
Rounded prominence
34
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a bone
35
Process
Projecting spine-like part
36
Protuberance
Projection of bone
37
Spine
Thorn-like process
38
Trochanter
Large, blunt elecation
39
Tubercle
Small, raised eminence
40
Tuberosity
Large, rounded elevation
41
What does all bone originate from?
Mesenchyme
42
Processes for making bone
- Intramembranous ossification | - Endochondral ossification
43
Intramembranous ossification
Comes directly from mesenchyme
44
Endochondral ossification
Comes from cartilage derived from mesenchyme
45
How do long bones grow?
1) Mesenchymal cells --> chondroblasts 2) Chondroblasts form a cartilaginous bone model 3) Cartilage calcifies in the middle 4) Periosteal capillaries grow and form the periosteal bud 5) Capillaries initiate the primary ossification center 6) Diaphysis grows from the primary ossification center
46
Secondary ossification center
Epiphyses
47
Epiphyseal arteries
Grow into the developing cavities with associated osteogenic cells
48
Metaphysis
Flared part of the diaphysis nearest to the epiphysis
49
Epiphyseal plates
Cartilaginous section between the diaphysis and epiphysis
50
Epiphyseal line
Seam formed from the fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis
51
Arterial supply of bone
- Nutrient arteries - Periosteal arteries - Metaphysial arteries - Epiphysial arteries
52
Nutrient arteries
- Pass through the bone via nutrient foramina | - Splits in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches
53
Periosteal arteries
Supplies most of the compact bone
54
Metaphysial/Epiphysial arteries
Supplies the ends of bone
55
Veins in the bone
Accompany arteries through nutrient foramina
56
Periosteal nerves
- Carries pain fibers | - Especially sensitive to tearing or tension
57
Vasomotor nerves in bones
Cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels
58
Joint
An articulation between 2+ rigid components
59
Types of joints
- Fibrous - Cartilaginous - Synovial
60
Fibrous joints
United by fibrous tissue
61
Types of fibrous joints
- Suture | - Syndesmosis
62
Suture Joints
Sutures in the cranium
63
Syndesmosis joints
Bones joined by an interosseous ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue
64
Cartilaginous joints
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
65
Types of cartilaginous joints
- Synchondrosis | - Symphysis
66
Synchondrosis joints
- Primary cartilaginous joints - Hyaline cartilage - Allow growth of bone and allow slight bending during early life
67
Symphysis joints
- Fibrocartilage - Strong, slightly mobile - B/t vertebrae
68
Synovial joints
- Nourish the articular cartilage | - Lubricates articular surfaces
69
Types of synovial joints
- Plane/Gliding - Hinge - Saddle - Condyloid - Ball and socket - Pivot
70
Types of connective tissue included in the skeletal system
- Dense regular connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Adipose
71
Characteristics of connective tissue proper
- More fibers (type I collagen) than cells (fibroblasts) | - Binds cells and tissues into organs and organ systems
72
Types of ligaments
- Intrinsic, internal - Intrinsic, external - Extrinsic, internal - Extrinsic, external
73
Intrinsic, internal ligaments
Thickenings of the joint capsule occurring internal to the capsule
74
Intrinsic, external ligaments
Sheets of connective tissue external to the capsule
75
Extrinsic, internal ligaments
Cordlike, separated from the capsule, inside the capsule
76
Extrinsic, external ligaments
Cordlike, separated from the capsule outside the capsule
77
Osteons
-

South College Human Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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