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Principles MBCHB > Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

(134 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 3 types of connective tissue

A

Soft, Hard, Blood/Lymph

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2
Q

What is soft connective tissue?

A

makes up

  • tendons,
  • ligaments,
  • mesentery,
  • stroma of organs,
  • dermis of skin
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3
Q

Define hard connective tissue

A

makes up bone and cartilage

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4
Q

Name the three types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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5
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

dense bone, makes up shaft

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6
Q

what is cancellous or trabecular bone

A

occupies end of the bone looks like a Aero

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7
Q

name the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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8
Q

define smooth muscle

A
  • no striations - involuntary (not under conscious control) - visceral (found in organs) -cigar shaped nucleus
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9
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary -striated - nuclei of fibres are elongated
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10
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A
  • striated -short fibres - nucleus located in the centre
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11
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • consists of neurons and their supporting cells
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12
Q

Name the two types of connective nervous tissue

A
  • meninges (CNS)
  • epineurium (pns)
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13
Q

what is the basal lamina

A

a layer of extracellular matrix components to which cells attached

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14
Q

define covering epithelia

A

surface epithelia cover or line surface, cavities and tubes eg: lining of the inner eyelid - Presence of goblet cells

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15
Q

define glandular epithelia

A

produces secretory products such as sweat, milk, mucus, hormones etc

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16
Q

define endocrine glands

A

product secreted towards the basal lamina

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17
Q

define exocrine glands

A

product secreted towards the apical end of the cell

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18
Q

HOW DO WE GET NUTRIENTS INTO OUR BLOOD?

A
  • Via the Gastrointenstinal system

  • (Large molecules are digested into smaller*
  • molecules which can then absorbed into the veins*
  • (and lymphatic vessels)*
  • of the small intestine)*
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19
Q

Where does the venous blood from the GI tract drain too?

A

The liver

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20
Q

How does the liver process nutrients?

A
  • stores some nutrients,
  • makes other products from them
  • returns them into the venous system
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21
Q

What side of the heart pumps venous blood

A

THE RIGHT SIDE

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22
Q

What side of the heart pumps Arterial blood

A

The LEFT

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23
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A
  • major lymphatic vessel in the body
  • returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck
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24
Q

Define endochondral ossification

A

process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bones

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25
Which part of the bone contains _marrow?_
* Medullary cavity
26
What is the periosteum?
* a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
27
Name the 3 cranial fossae...
- anterior cranial fossa - middle cranial fossa - posterior cranial fossa
28
what is the intervertebral foramen?
An opening between vertebrae through which nerves leave the spine and extend to other parts of the body.
29
What is _Systemic Circulation?_
- from left side of heart - to capillary beds of organs and tissues - back to right side of heart
30
What is Pulmonary Circulation?
- from right side of heart - to lungs - back to left side of heart
31
What is the purpose of the **fibrous pericardium?**
* Protective layer * Prevents overfilling
32
What happens if the pericardial cavity fills with blood?
- The increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (**cardiac tamponade)**
33
What is the **serous pericardium?**
- secretes serous fluid - Provides a frictionless environment
34
Name the **external** tissue of the **Heart**
EPICARDIUM a thin external layer (mesothelium) formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium.
35
Name the **middle layer** of the heart
_Myocardium,_ a thick, helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
36
Name the internal tissue of the Heart
Endocardium a thin internal layer (endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue) or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves.
37
Where is the **tricuspid valve** located
between right atrium and right ventricle
38
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
39
Where is the **mitral (bicuspid) valve** located?
between left atrium and left ventricle
40
Where is the aortic valve located?
41
What makes STRIATIONS appear striped?
* striped look in skeletal muscle is due to **overlapping actin and myosin.**
42
what is an **aponeurosis?**
* a flattened tendon
43
What can a skeletal muscle do?
during **contraction** the muscle fibres can **shorten** along the long axis(es) between the **origin & insertion**
44
- List in the correct order the names of the parts of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
- Nasal cavities - Oral cavity - pharynx (throat) - larynx (voice box) - Lobar Bronchi - Segmental Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli
45
Define the **upper respiratory tract** and state the **vertebral level** at which it becomes the lower **respiratory tract?**
* at the level of **C6 vertebra** the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
46
Define the lower respiratory tract (respiratory or bronchial tree)
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
47
how many bronchopulmonary segments is there all together?
10
48
- what is meant by the term “mucociliary escalator”.
Mucous glands secrete mucous onto the respiratory epithelium - Cillia sweep the mucous along with any foreign bodies trapped in it up towards the pharynx, to be swallowed - This is called the **mucociliary escalator.**
49
Why do we cough in a cold morning?
Because cooling and drying out of the cillia is harmful
50
What are the main requirements for adequate diffusion of respiratory gases at the level of the alveolar wall
- unctioning lung tssue - Sufficient 02 in the air that we breathe - Minimal thickness in the walls of the alveoli - Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar sacs
51
Describe the basic anatomy of the rima glottidis and the vocal cords
**_The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of the larynx_** - Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the rima glottidis - The vocal cords can approximate in the midline, closing the rima glottidis & preventing a foreign body being inhaled into the trachea
52
What are the **nasal conchae**
They increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
53
Name the 3 layers of the Uterus
- perimetrium - myometrium - endometrium
54
What is the vas deferens?
The duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
55
What is the function of the Dartos Muscle
helps to control temp (involuntary)
56
What is WALDYERS RING
- Tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.
57
2 bones cotributing to the nasal septum
Ethmoid and vomer
58
Name the 3 major salviary glands
- Parotid glands (near the ear) - Submandibular glands (“under” the mandible) - Sublingual glands (“under” the tongue)
59
What is the buccinator
- Cheek Muscle - Positions food in the oral cavity -
60
How many teet does an adult have
32
61
How would a fracture of the madible or maxilla be diagosed
- Ask patiend how theyre occlusion feels (bite feels)
62
Name the muscles of mastication
* masseter * temporalis * medial pterygoid * lateral pterygoid
63
What is the function of the articular tubercle of the jaw
Prevents TMJS from dislocating
64
Name the three parts of the small intestine
1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum
65
What layers make up the the walls of the intestines
- lumen - mucosa - inner circularly arranged smooth muscle - outer longitudinal arranged smooth muscle
66
Type of mucosa in the oral cavity
Stratified squamous epitehlium - Protective mucosa
67
What kind of mucosa is found in the stomach
Secretory
68
What tyoe of mucosa line the large and small intestines?
ABSORPTIVE
69
Name the pelvic organs
- Rectum - Anal Canal - Anus
70
Define **intraperitoneal** and give an example
Almost completely covered wiht the visceral peritoneum eg: the liver But as it is not completely covered it cannot be regarded as being 'in' the peritoneum
71
Define **retroperitoneal** and give an example
located in the retroperitoneum - THE PANCREAS AND KIDNEYS
72
Describe an organ with a mesentery
covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery - EG: the intestines
73
Describe peritonitis
occurs when blood, pus or bowel contents get inside the peritoneal cavity case severe and painful inflammaion of the peritoneum
74
Desribe the procces of **First Pass Metabolism**
The **_hepatic portal vein_** drains the blood for the **foregut, midgut and hindgut** to the liver
75
what is the role of the **Splenic Vein**
Drains he blood from the **foregut** to the **hepatic portal vein**
76
Where does the PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM and SYSTEMIC VENOUS SYSTEM meet ?
THE LIVER - The hepatic portal vein carries venous blood from the portal venous system to the liver - The liver then passes the blood the the inferior vena cava via he hepatic veins to return to the heart
77
name the 3 GI sphincters?
- Cricopharyngeal sphincter - Pyloric Sphincter - External Anal Sphincter
78
What occurs when there is an Obstruction in the GI tract?
The bodys response is increased peristalsis **proximal** o the site of obstruction * As peristalsis comes in waves, a patient with a GI tract obstruction tends to experience pain that “comes and goes” * This is called “colicky pain”
79
What are _bundles of axons_ called in the PNS?
Nerves
80
What are nerve cell bodies called in the PNS
Ganglion
81
Explain how a **synapse** functions
- Gaps between two neurones which allow communication - Electrical Signal transforms \> Chemical Signal (**neurotransmitter)** **-** Then back to an electrical signal
82
Define CN I and state its foraminae
- The olfactory nerve - Sensory - Sense of smell - Cribriform Plate of the **Ethmoid bone**
83
Define CN II and state its foraminae
The optic nerve - Sensory - Vision - **O****ptical Canal**
84
Define CN III and state its foraminae
The oculomotor nerve - Motor - Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses. - **Super Orbital Fissure**
85
Define CN IV and state its foraminae
Trochlear Nerve Motor Eye Movemets and Proprioception - Superior Orpital Fissure
86
Define CN V and state its foraminae
Trigeminal Nerve Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense. Foramen Ovale & Foramen Rotundum 
87
Define CN VI and state its foraminae
Abducent Nerve Produce movements of the eyes **superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone**
88
Define CN VII and state its foraminae
FACIAL NERVE Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste. Internal Acoustic Meatus
89
Define CN VIII and state its foraminae
Vestibulocochlear Balance and hearing Internal Acoustic Meatus
90
Define CN IX and state its foraminae
Glossopharyngeal Taste and Swallowing - JUGULAR FORAMEN
91
Define CN X and state its foraminae
Vagus Speach, Swallowing, smooth muscle Jugular foramen
92
Define CN XI and state its foraminae
Spinal Acessory Nerve Moving head and shoulder Jugular Foramen
93
Define CN XiI and state its foraminae
Hypoglossal Nerve Tongue Movements Hypoglossal Canal
94
At what level does the spinal cord end
L1/ L2 - Conus medullaris
95
Where is C8 spinal nerve loacted
Between C7 and T1 vertebrae
96
What is a Dermatomes?
- Area/Strip of skin supplied by both the anterio and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
97
What is a plexus?
A nertwork of intertwined anterior RAMI. ONLY POSSIBLE WITH ANTERIOR RAMI
98
Describe the **brachial** plexus
- C5-T1 anterior rami - Upper limb Results in the five named nerves: * axillary nerve * median nerve * musculocutaneous nerve * radial nerve * ulnar nerve
99
Haematoxylin
a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue – for example the nucleus (remember what the A stands for in DNA) or ribosomes.
100
Eosin
an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules and stains them pinkish red. Most proteins in the cytoplasm are basic and so the cytoplasm of a cell is usually stained pink or red.
101
Explain how **endocrine secretion** may go wrong. Define **Hyper**- and **hypo-secretion**
a tumour may be: ## Footnote \> functioning - too much hormone secreted \> non-functioning – tumour destroys gland & too little hormone secreted hyper-secretion of a hormone (too much) hypo-secretion of a hormone (too little)
102
Name the endocrine glands found in the head..
1) the Hypothalmus 2) The Pituitary Gland
103
Endocrine glands of the neck
- 4 parathyroid galnds and The Thyroid Gland
104
Endocrine glands of the abdomen
2 adrenal glands PANCREAS
105
What is the DIENCEPHALON
Thalmus + hypothlamus
106
what is the infundibulum
the pituitary stalk Connects the hypothalmus and the pituitary gland
107
Name and explain 2 thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3) Thryroxine (T4)\ Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism & stimulate growth
108
What is special about the pancreas as an endocrine gland
it is not under the control of the pituitary gland
109
How many spinal nerves is there?
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal.
110
What is special about **Cranial Nerve II**
It is NOT part of the PNS
111
Name the 5 bones that make up the base of the skull..
ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, paired frontal, and paired temporal bones
112
Where is the T4 dermatome located
The male nipple
113
Where is the T10 deramtome located
The umbillicus
114
_NAME THE PLEXUS_ C1- C4 anterior rami Responsible for posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
Cervical Plexus
115
_NAME THE PLEXUS_ C5 - T1 anterior rami - Upper Limb
Brachial plexus
116
_NAME THE PLEXUS_ L1-L4 anterior rami Lower Limb
Lumbar Plexus
117
L5 - S4 anterior rami lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
Sacral Plexus
118
What is **jugular foramen syndrome?**
Pathology in the jugular foramen could injure **CNs IX , X and XI.** - Possible lack of taste, problems with voice, issues with movement of head and shoulders
119
How do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?
Via III ( oculomotor) , VII (facial nerve) , IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) & X (vagus) and **via sacral spinal nerves**
120
Which segement of the spinal cord has Lateral Horns (to do with sympathetic neurones)
T1 --\> L2
121
Define the primary somatosensory cortex
The parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory area - sensory AP’s arrive here from RIGHT side of body wall - sensations brought into consciousness
122
What is sympathrtic tone of an artery
- Arterioles are most often slightly narrowed compared to their maximum internal diameter - background level of constriction in normal condtions - due to continous conduction of of action potentials
123
Describe the circle of Willis?
124
What is the carotid sinus?
It is the most proximal (usually dilated) part of the internal carotid artery • it is located at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage innervated by the **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)**
125
What is an anastomoses
The arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
126
What is a haematuria
blood in the urine
127
Define detrusor
DETRUSOR is smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder which contracts and allows us to urinate
128
Describe the structure of the upper respiratory tract Posteriorly
129
What are the main threats to the respiratory track?
- Cooling and drying out of the mucosa, damaging the the musciloratory escalator and risking INFECTION - Inhaling forgeing bodies bacteria/ viruses can cause infection
130
What is the purpose of the obiculais oris
produces an anterior oral seal that prevents dribbling during chewing & swallowing
131
The tongue has dorsum of the tongue carries 4 different types of papilla NAME THEM :P
**foliate papillae,** **vallate papillae** & **fungiform papillae** (taste buds) **filiform papillae** (touch and temp. etc.)
132
Where is the common ground between the resp. tract and upper GI tract.?
oropharynx & laryngopharynx
133
What is parathyroid hormone (PTH) and what does it do?
- controls calcium levels in the blood and bone - made and secreted by the 4 parathyroid glands and is **not under the control of the pituitary gland**
134

Principles MBCHB (6 decks)

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