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Principles MBCHB > Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of connective tissue

A

Soft, Hard, Blood/Lymph

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2
Q

What is soft connective tissue?

A

makes up

  • tendons,
  • ligaments,
  • mesentery,
  • stroma of organs,
  • dermis of skin
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3
Q

Define hard connective tissue

A

makes up bone and cartilage

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4
Q

Name the three types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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5
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

dense bone, makes up shaft

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6
Q

what is cancellous or trabecular bone

A

occupies end of the bone looks like a Aero

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7
Q

name the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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8
Q

define smooth muscle

A
  • no striations - involuntary (not under conscious control) - visceral (found in organs) -cigar shaped nucleus
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9
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary -striated - nuclei of fibres are elongated
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10
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A
  • striated -short fibres - nucleus located in the centre
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11
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • consists of neurons and their supporting cells
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12
Q

Name the two types of connective nervous tissue

A
  • meninges (CNS)
  • epineurium (pns)
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13
Q

what is the basal lamina

A

a layer of extracellular matrix components to which cells attached

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14
Q

define covering epithelia

A

surface epithelia cover or line surface, cavities and tubes eg: lining of the inner eyelid - Presence of goblet cells

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15
Q

define glandular epithelia

A

produces secretory products such as sweat, milk, mucus, hormones etc

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16
Q

define endocrine glands

A

product secreted towards the basal lamina

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17
Q

define exocrine glands

A

product secreted towards the apical end of the cell

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18
Q

HOW DO WE GET NUTRIENTS INTO OUR BLOOD?

A
  • Via the Gastrointenstinal system

  • (Large molecules are digested into smaller*
  • molecules which can then absorbed into the veins*
  • (and lymphatic vessels)*
  • of the small intestine)*
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19
Q

Where does the venous blood from the GI tract drain too?

A

The liver

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20
Q

How does the liver process nutrients?

A
  • stores some nutrients,
  • makes other products from them
  • returns them into the venous system
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21
Q

What side of the heart pumps venous blood

A

THE RIGHT SIDE

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22
Q

What side of the heart pumps Arterial blood

A

The LEFT

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23
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A
  • major lymphatic vessel in the body
  • returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck
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24
Q

Define endochondral ossification

A

process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bones

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25
Q

Which part of the bone contains marrow?

A
  • Medullary cavity
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26
Q

What is the periosteum?

A
  • a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
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27
Q

Name the 3 cranial fossae…

A
  • anterior cranial fossa
  • middle cranial fossa
  • posterior cranial fossa
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28
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen?

A

An opening between vertebrae through which nerves leave the spine and extend to other parts of the body.

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29
Q

What is Systemic Circulation?

A
  • from left side of heart
  • to capillary beds of organs and tissues
  • back to right side of heart
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30
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A
  • from right side of heart
  • to lungs
  • back to left side of heart
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31
Q

What is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Protective layer
  • Prevents overfilling
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32
Q

What happens if the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A
  • The increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)
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33
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A
  • secretes serous fluid
  • Provides a frictionless environment
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34
Q

Name the external tissue of the Heart

A

EPICARDIUM

a thin external layer (mesothelium) formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium.

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35
Q

Name the middle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium, a thick, helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.

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36
Q

Name the internal tissue of the Heart

A

Endocardium a thin internal layer (endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue) or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves.

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37
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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38
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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39
Q

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located?

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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40
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A
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41
Q

What makes STRIATIONS appear striped?

A
  • striped look in skeletal muscle is due to overlapping actin and myosin.
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42
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A
  • a flattened tendon
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43
Q

What can a skeletal muscle do?

A

during contraction the muscle fibres can shorten along the long axis(es) between the origin & insertion

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44
Q
  • List in the correct order the names of the parts of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Oral cavity
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx (voice box)
  • Lobar Bronchi
  • Segmental Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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45
Q

Define the upper respiratory tract and state the vertebral level at which it becomes the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • at the level of C6 vertebra the larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
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46
Q

Define the lower respiratory tract (respiratory or bronchial tree)

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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47
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments is there all together?

A

10

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48
Q
  • what is meant by the term “mucociliary escalator”.
A

Mucous glands secrete mucous onto the respiratory epithelium

  • Cillia sweep the mucous along with any foreign bodies trapped in it up towards the pharynx, to be swallowed
  • This is called the mucociliary escalator.
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49
Q

Why do we cough in a cold morning?

A

Because cooling and drying out of the cillia is harmful

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50
Q

What are the main requirements for

adequate diffusion of respiratory

gases at the level of the alveolar wall

A
  • unctioning lung tssue
  • Sufficient 02 in the air that we breathe
  • Minimal thickness in the walls of the alveoli
  • Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar sacs
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51
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the rima glottidis and the vocal cords

A

The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of the larynx

  • Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the rima glottidis
  • The vocal cords can approximate in the midline, closing the rima glottidis & preventing a foreign body being inhaled into the trachea
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52
Q

What are the nasal conchae

A

They increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.

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53
Q

Name the 3 layers of the Uterus

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
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54
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

The duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.

55
Q

What is the function of the Dartos Muscle

A

helps to control temp (involuntary)

56
Q

What is WALDYERS RING

A
  • Tonsillar ring is an anatomical term

collectively describing the annular

arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

57
Q

2 bones cotributing to the nasal septum

A

Ethmoid and vomer

58
Q

Name the 3 major salviary glands

A
  • Parotid glands (near the ear)
  • Submandibular glands (“under” the mandible)
  • Sublingual glands (“under” the tongue)
59
Q

What is the buccinator

A
  • Cheek Muscle
  • Positions food in the oral cavity

-

60
Q

How many teet does an adult have

A

32

61
Q

How would a fracture of the madible or maxilla be diagosed

A
  • Ask patiend how theyre occlusion feels (bite feels)
62
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
63
Q

What is the function of the articular tubercle of the jaw

A

Prevents TMJS from dislocating

64
Q

Name the three parts of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
65
Q

What layers make up the the walls of the intestines

A
  • lumen
  • mucosa
  • inner circularly arranged smooth muscle
  • outer longitudinal arranged smooth muscle
66
Q

Type of mucosa in the oral cavity

A

Stratified squamous epitehlium - Protective mucosa

67
Q

What kind of mucosa is found in the stomach

A

Secretory

68
Q

What tyoe of mucosa line the large and small intestines?

A

ABSORPTIVE

69
Q

Name the pelvic organs

A
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
  • Anus
70
Q

Define intraperitoneal and give an example

A

Almost completely covered wiht the visceral peritoneum

eg: the liver

But as it is not completely covered it cannot be regarded as being ‘in’ the peritoneum

71
Q

Define retroperitoneal and give an example

A

located in the retroperitoneum

  • THE PANCREAS AND KIDNEYS
72
Q

Describe an organ with a mesentery

A

covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery

  • EG: the intestines
73
Q

Describe peritonitis

A

occurs when blood, pus or bowel contents get inside the peritoneal cavity case severe and painful inflammaion of the peritoneum

74
Q

Desribe the procces of First Pass Metabolism

A

The hepatic portal vein drains the blood for the foregut, midgut and hindgut to the liver

75
Q

what is the role of the Splenic Vein

A

Drains he blood from the foregut to the hepatic portal vein

76
Q

Where does the PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM and SYSTEMIC VENOUS SYSTEM meet ?

A

THE LIVER

  • The hepatic portal vein carries venous blood from the portal venous system to the liver
  • The liver then passes the blood the the inferior vena cava via he hepatic veins to return to the heart
77
Q

name the 3 GI sphincters?

A
  • Cricopharyngeal sphincter
  • Pyloric Sphincter
  • External Anal Sphincter
78
Q

What occurs when there is an Obstruction in the GI tract?

A

The bodys response is increased peristalsis proximal o the site of obstruction

  • As peristalsis comes in waves, a patient with a GI tract obstruction tends to experience pain that “comes and goes”
  • This is called “colicky pain”
79
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the PNS?

A

Nerves

80
Q

What are nerve cell bodies called in the PNS

A

Ganglion

81
Q

Explain how a synapse functions

A
  • Gaps between two neurones which allow communication
  • Electrical Signal transforms

> Chemical Signal (neurotransmitter)

- Then back to an electrical signal

82
Q

Define CN I and state its foraminae

A
  • The olfactory nerve
  • Sensory
  • Sense of smell
  • Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid bone
83
Q

Define CN II and state its foraminae

A

The optic nerve

  • Sensory
  • Vision
  • Optical Canal
84
Q

Define CN III and state its foraminae

A

The oculomotor nerve

  • Motor
  • Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
  • Super Orbital Fissure
85
Q

Define CN IV and state its foraminae

A

Trochlear Nerve

Motor

Eye Movemets and Proprioception

  • Superior Orpital Fissure
86
Q

Define CN V and state its foraminae

A

Trigeminal Nerve

Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.

Foramen Ovale & Foramen Rotundum



87
Q

Define CN VI and state its foraminae

A

Abducent Nerve

Produce movements of the eyes

superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone

88
Q

Define CN VII and state its foraminae

A

FACIAL NERVE

Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.

Internal Acoustic Meatus

89
Q

Define CN VIII and state its foraminae

A

Vestibulocochlear

Balance and hearing

Internal Acoustic Meatus

90
Q

Define CN IX and state its foraminae

A

Glossopharyngeal

Taste and Swallowing

  • JUGULAR FORAMEN
91
Q

Define CN X and state its foraminae

A

Vagus

Speach, Swallowing, smooth muscle

Jugular foramen

92
Q

Define CN XI and state its foraminae

A

Spinal Acessory Nerve

Moving head and shoulder

Jugular Foramen

93
Q

Define CN XiI and state its foraminae

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

Tongue Movements

Hypoglossal Canal

94
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end

A

L1/ L2 - Conus medullaris

95
Q

Where is C8 spinal nerve loacted

A

Between C7 and T1 vertebrae

96
Q

What is a Dermatomes?

A
  • Area/Strip of skin supplied by both the anterio and posterior rami of a spinal nerve
97
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A nertwork of intertwined anterior RAMI.

ONLY POSSIBLE WITH ANTERIOR RAMI

98
Q

Describe the brachial plexus

A
  • C5-T1 anterior rami
  • Upper limb

Results in the five named nerves:

  • axillary nerve
  • median nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • radial nerve
  • ulnar nerve
99
Q

Haematoxylin

A

a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue – for example the nucleus (remember what the A stands for in DNA) or ribosomes.

100
Q

Eosin

A

an acidic dye that has an

affinity for basic molecules

and stains them pinkish red.

Most proteins in the cytoplasm

are basic and so the cytoplasm

of a cell is usually stained

pink or red.

101
Q

Explain how endocrine secretion may go wrong.

Define Hyper- and hypo-secretion

A

a tumour may be:

> functioning - too much hormone secreted
> non-functioning – tumour destroys gland & too little hormone secreted

hyper-secretion of a hormone (too much)

hypo-secretion of a hormone (too little)

102
Q

Name the endocrine glands found in the head..

A

1) the Hypothalmus
2) The Pituitary Gland

103
Q

Endocrine glands of the neck

A
  • 4 parathyroid galnds

and

The Thyroid Gland

104
Q

Endocrine glands of the abdomen

A

2 adrenal glands

PANCREAS

105
Q

What is the DIENCEPHALON

A

Thalmus + hypothlamus

106
Q

what is the infundibulum

A

the pituitary stalk

Connects the hypothalmus and the pituitary gland

107
Q

Name and explain 2 thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thryroxine (T4)\

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism & stimulate growth

108
Q

What is special about the pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

it is not under the control of the pituitary gland

109
Q

How many spinal nerves is there?

A

there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves:

8 cervical,

12 thoracic,

5 lumbar,

5 sacral

and 1 coccygeal.

110
Q

What is special about Cranial Nerve II

A

It is NOT part of the PNS

111
Q

Name the 5 bones that make up the base of the skull..

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, paired frontal, and paired temporal bones

112
Q

Where is the T4 dermatome located

A

The male nipple

113
Q

Where is the T10 deramtome located

A

The umbillicus

114
Q

NAME THE PLEXUS

C1- C4 anterior rami

Responsible for posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm

A

Cervical Plexus

115
Q

NAME THE PLEXUS

C5 - T1 anterior rami

  • Upper Limb
A

Brachial plexus

116
Q

NAME THE PLEXUS

L1-L4 anterior rami

Lower Limb

A

Lumbar Plexus

117
Q

L5 - S4 anterior rami

lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

A

Sacral Plexus

118
Q

What is jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Pathology in the jugular foramen could injure CNs IX , X and XI.

  • Possible lack of taste, problems with voice, issues with movement of head and shoulders
119
Q

How do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via III ( oculomotor) , VII (facial nerve) , IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) & X (vagus) and via sacral spinal nerves

120
Q

Which segement of the spinal cord has Lateral Horns (to do with sympathetic neurones)

A

T1 –> L2

121
Q

Define the primary somatosensory cortex

A

The parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory area

  • sensory AP’s arrive here from RIGHT side of body wall
  • sensations brought into consciousness
122
Q

What is sympathrtic tone of an artery

A
  • Arterioles are most often slightly narrowed compared to their maximum internal diameter
  • background level of constriction in normal condtions
  • due to continous conduction of of action potentials
123
Q

Describe the circle of Willis?

A
124
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

It is the most proximal (usually dilated) part of the internal carotid artery

• it is located at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

125
Q

What is an anastomoses

A

The arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

126
Q

What is a haematuria

A

blood in the urine

127
Q

Define detrusor

A

DETRUSOR is smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder which contracts and allows us to urinate

128
Q

Describe the structure of the upper respiratory tract

Posteriorly

A
129
Q

What are the main threats to the respiratory track?

A
  • Cooling and drying out of the mucosa, damaging the the musciloratory escalator and risking INFECTION
  • Inhaling forgeing bodies bacteria/ viruses can cause infection
130
Q

What is the purpose of the obiculais oris

A

produces an anterior oral seal that prevents dribbling during chewing & swallowing

131
Q

The tongue has dorsum of the tongue carries 4 different types of papilla

NAME THEM :P

A

foliate papillae,

vallate papillae &

fungiform papillae

(taste buds)

filiform papillae

(touch and temp. etc.)

132
Q

Where is the common ground between the resp. tract and upper GI tract.?

A

oropharynx & laryngopharynx

133
Q

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH) and what does it do?

A
  • controls calcium levels in the blood and bone
  • made and secreted by the 4 parathyroid glands and is not under the control of the pituitary gland
134
Q
A

Principles MBCHB (6 decks)

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