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Principles MBCHB > EVERYTHANG > Flashcards

EVERYTHANG Flashcards

1
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • Play a crtical role in inflammation
  • Family of 30 proteins from the LIVER
  • Enter inflamed tissues where they become activated
  • Enzymatically cleave and activate other downstream complement proteins in a biological cascade
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2
Q

What are cytokines and what do they do?

A
  • Small proteins and peptides
  • The modualte behaviour of cells
  • They have a short half lide
  • Can act locally or systemically
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3
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • Phagocytic Cells
  • 5% of circulating leukocytes
  • migrate into peripheral tissue where they differentiate into macrophages
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4
Q

Explain what DENDRITIC CELLS are and what they do?

A
  • They are present in peripheral tissues in an immature state
  • Phagocytose antigens
  • Mature and migrate into secondary lymphoid tissues where they play a key role in antigen presentation
  • ACTIVATE T CELLS
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5
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

  • An overeactive response results in allergies
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6
Q

What are natural killer cells and what do they do?

A
  • Target at killing virally infected cells and tumour and cancer cells
  • Large granular lymphocytes
  • Can also kill antibody-bound cells and pathogens
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7
Q

Describe Cells T cells and B cells

A

Mature cells constantly circulate through the blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues

  • Inactive until meet a pathogen/antigen
  • Some are very long-lived (memory T and B cells)

> Very Specific

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8
Q

What to B cells do specifically

A
  • Responsible for production and secretion of antibodies to defend against extracellular pathogens
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9
Q

What do T cells do specifically

A

Key role in defense against intracellular pathogens (viruses, mycobacteria)

– Helper T cells
• Key regulators of the immune system

– Cytotoxic T cells
• Kill virally infected body cells

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10
Q

What is a Lymphoedema

A

Also known as lymphatic obstruction, is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system, which normally returns interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct and then the bloodstream.

  • Tissues are at risk of infection
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11
Q

How does direct contact in the immune system work

A

RECEPTOR : LIGAND interactions

> TLR4:LPS

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12
Q

How does indirect communication work in the immune system

A

• Production & secretion of Cytokines

IFNγ

TNFα

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13
Q

What are the three phases in the innate immune response

A

a) Recognition phase
b) Activation phase
c) Effector phase

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14
Q

What does PAMPs stand for?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

What does PRRs stand for

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

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16
Q

What enhances the killing ability of macrophages

A

cytokines - e.g. IFNγ

17
Q

What happens during the early innate immune response

when physical barriers are breached by pathogens

A

Mast cells are released

> resulting in the production of inflammatory mediators

18
Q

What are the systemic effects of cytokine release

A
  1. Fever
  2. Acute phase response
  3. increased neutrophil prodcution
19
Q

What is the acute phase response driven by

A

Cytokine production

20
Q

A major acute phase protein in humans

  • Pentraxin – 5 identical subunits
  • Used as a marker for inflammation
A

C reactive protein

21
Q

What is the role of selectins in inflammation

A
  • Neutrophils binds
  • Facilitates rolling
22
Q

what is the neutrophil killing mechanism?

A
  • Pathogens release “chemokine-like” signals that attract neutrophils
  • Neutrophils use their pathogen recognition receptors to bind and phagocytose pathogens
23
Q

What to distinct mechanisms do neutrophils use to to kill pathogens

A
  1. Anti-microbial pathogens
  2. NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanisms
24
Q

What happens when a neutrophil has done its job?

A

Neutrophil dies by apoptosis and is phagocytosed by a macrophage

25
Q

What is TNFa do?

A
  • Is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
  • Excess levels has bad consequences

Principles MBCHB (6 decks)

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