Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Eyes

Question 1

What is the white outer protective layer of the eye?

Answer 1

Sclera

Question 2

What is the vascular layer that provides oxygen and nutrients to the eye?

Answer 2

choroid

Question 3

What is the neural tissue that contains the photoreceptors?

Answer 3

Retina

Question 4

what is the clear mucous membrane that covers the sclera up to the cornea

Answer 4

bulbar conjunctiva

Question 5

what lines the inside of the eye lids?

Answer 5

Palpebral conjunctiva

Question 6

______ is a modified, transparent sclera that allows light to enter the eye. It is not covered by the conjunctiva

Answer 6

Cornea

Question 7

What part of the eye does not respond to light?

Answer 7

the blind spot

Question 8

At which part of the eye does the optic nerve leave the eye?

Answer 8

the optic disk

Question 9

yellowish pigmented spot at the back of the eye

Answer 9

Macula

Question 10

which part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

Answer 10

fovea

Question 11

Part of the eye that is thinned out, with cones only

Answer 11

fovea

Question 12

disease where sharp central vision is gradually destroyed

Answer 12

Age-related macular degeneration

Question 13

What are the yellow lipid deposits that form under the retinal epithelium?

Answer 13

Drusen

Question 14

Dry or wet process that causes age-related macular degeneration? When drusen is formed under the retinal epithelium and there is loss of retinal epithelium, capillaries and photoreceptors

Answer 14

Dry process

Question 15

What process involves neovascularization of choroidal blood vessels into the retina, leaking fluid, lipids, and blood, that can lead to fibrous scarring? Is this treatable?

Answer 15

Wet process of age related macular degeneration

Question 16

List 3 risk factors for macular degeneration

Answer 16

cigarette smoking
obesity
Low intake of vitamin ACE + zinc, lutein, omega 3
CVD risk factors

Question 17

List 3 lifestyle modifications to slow macular degeneration

Answer 17

stop smoking
weight loss
antihypertensive and lipid lowering meds
dietary supplements

Question 18

Treatment of Wet macular degeneration

–> suppresses the action of ______ __________ ________ _______

Answer 18

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Question 19

3 Drugs that treat wet macular degeneration

Answer 19

Ranibizumab: binds all VEGF
Bevacizumab: an antibody against VEGF
Aflibercept: acts like a VEGF receptor, selectively binds VEGF A,

Question 20

What drug causes drug-induced retinal toxicity?

Answer 20

Hydroxychloroquine

Question 21

What are some risk factors of drug-induced retinal toxicity when using hydroxychloroquine?

Answer 21

more than 5 years of use
using with tamoxifen
significant renal disease
preexisting retinal and macular disease

Question 22

Hydroxychloroquine inhibits uptake of _______ ___ by retinal pigment epithelium cells

Answer 22

Vitamin A

Question 23

List 1 ways to manage hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity

Answer 23

1. screen for toxicity during 1st year and after 5 years

Question 24

What is the maximum daily dose of hydroxychloroquine?

Answer 24

400mg (less than 5mg/kg)

Question 25

Which gland secretes tears that spread over the eyeball by blinking and to remove dust and foreign particles and what nerve does it use to produce the tears?

Answer 25

Lacrimal gland and VII nerve

Question 26

what is it called when there's obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

Answer 26

dacryostenosis

Question 27

What is it called when there's an infection of the lacrimal sac

Answer 27

dacrocystitis

Question 28

Which cells release mucin?

Answer 28

goblet cells

Question 29

What are two reasons why dry eye occurs?

Answer 29

1) reduced tear production | 2) increased evaporation of the tear film due to bad meibomian glands

Question 30

incurable autoimmune disorder of mucous membranes = dry eyes, mouth, skin, nasal and vaginal passages

Answer 30

Sjogren's syndrome

Question 31

What causes conjunctivitis (Pink eye)?

Answer 31

Allergic conjunctivitis Viral conjunctivitis (adenovirus) Bacterial (H influenzae or S. aureus )

Question 32

staph infection of the hair follicle of the eyelid, upper lid, pimple like abscess (swells, red, pain)

Answer 32

``` external hordeolum (stye) caused by blocking zeis and moll glands ```

Question 33

what is it called when there is an infection of the meibomian gland in the conjunctiva, very painful.

Answer 33

internal hordeolum (inner stye)

Question 34

cyst-like nodules that remain after the hordeolum heals. Red but NOT painful

Answer 34

chalazion

Question 35

inflammation of eyelids, often at the base of the eyelashes. Symptoms include erythematous, pruritic eyelids, conjunctival infection, crusting or matting of the eyelids

Answer 35

Blepharitis