Anatomy and physiology

Question 1

What divides the heart into 2?

Answer 1

Septum

Question 2

What are the chambers called?

Answer 2

Atrium and ventricle

Question 3

Atria

Answer 3

Pushes blood into ventricles so thin walls- high pressure unnecessary.

Question 4

Ventricles

Answer 4

Push blood out of the heart- they have thicker walls for a higher pressure

Question 5

Vena cava

Answer 5

deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

Question 6

Aorta

Answer 6

takes oxygenated blood around the body

Question 7

Tricuspid valve

Answer 7

Between right atrium and ventricle

Question 8

Bicuspid valve

Answer 8

Between left atrium and ventricle

Question 8

Bicuspid valve

Answer 8

Between left atrium and ventricle

Question 9

Myogenic

Answer 9

The capacity of the heart to generate it’s own impulses

Question 10

SA Node

Answer 10

Pacemaker

Question 11

Neural control mechanisms

Answer 11

Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 12

Central Nervous Systems

Answer 12

Brain and spinal cord

Question 13

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

Causes heart to beat faster

Question 14

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

Causes heart to slow down

Question 15

Cardiac control centre

Answer 15

In the medulla oblongata

Question 16

Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

Senses chemical changes- increased co2 in the blood.

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

Question 17

Baroreceptors

Answer 17

Senses change in BP due to increased stretch of arterial wall.
Increased stretch leads to decrease in HR.

Question 18

Proprioceptors

Answer 18

detect increase in muscle movement.

Question 19

Adrenaline

Answer 19

stimulates SA node, increases speed and force of contraction and increases cardiac output.

Question 20

Stroke volume depends on

Answer 20

Elasticity of cardiac fibres and venous return

Question 21

venous return

Answer 21

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

Question 22

average resting stroke volume

Answer 22

70ml

Question 23

stroke volume

Answer 23

volume of blood pumped out by ventricles per contraction

Question 24

Starlings Law

Answer 24

Increased VR- Greater diastolic filling of the heart- cardiac muscle stretched- increased force of contraction- increased SV and ejection fraction

Question 24

Starlings Law

Answer 24

Increased VR- Greater diastolic filling of the heart- cardiac muscle stretched- increased force of contraction- increased SV and ejection fraction

Question 25

What can SV increase up to?

Answer 25

40-60% of maximum

Question 26

Average resting HR

Answer 26

72bpm

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 28

Aerobic system

Answer 28

Low intensity, high duration

Question 29

When is aerobic system used?

Answer 29

When oxygen is present.

Question 30

3 stages of aerobic system

Answer 30

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Question 31

Glycolysis

Answer 31

Takes place in sarcoplasm break down of glucose to pyruvic acid. for every molecule of glucose, 2 ATP are produced

Question 32

Best way to illustrate OBLA

Answer 32

multi-stage fitness test

Question 33

factors affecting rate of lactate accumulation

Answer 33

fitness of performer, exercise intensity, muscle fibre type, respiratory exchange ratio, rate of blood lactate removal.

Question 34

buffering

Answer 34

a process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains blood and muscle acidity levels.

Question 35

indirect calorimetry

Answer 35

measures how much co2 is produced and o2 is consumed at rest and during aerobic.

Question 36

what does indirect calorimetry show?

Answer 36

find out if carbs or fat are being used as main energy source

Question 37

lactate sampling

Answer 37

take a small blood sample to show how much lactate is present

Question 38

why do lactate sampling?

Answer 38

show fitness levels, choose relevant training zones, compare for improvement.