ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
A
HYPOTHALMUS PITUITARY THYROID PARATHYROID PANCREAS ADRENALS OVARIES AND TESTES PINEAL BODY
HPTPPAOP PPPPHATO
2
Q
A SPECIFIC CELL WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS THAT RESPOND TO SPECIFIC HORMONES
EXAMPLE: TSH FOR THYROID GLAND AND ONLY THYROID.
A
TARGET CELLS
3
Q
HORMONES WITHIN THE BODY ARE SOLUABLE IN WHAT 2 WAYS?
A
WATER AND LIPID
4
Q
HOW MANY RECEPTORS DO A TARGET CELL CARRY FOR THEIR PARTICULAR HORMONES.
A
2000 TO 100,000 RECEPTORS FOR A PARTICULAR HORMONE.
5
Q
STEROID HORMONES
THYROID HORMONES
NITRIC OXIDE
THESE HORMONES ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT SOLUABLE TYPE
A
LIPID SOLUABLE
6
Q
AMINO ACIDS LIKE ADH AND INSULIN
THESE HORMONES ARE SOLUABLE BY MEANS OF…..
A
WATER SOLUABLE HORMONES
7
Q
THIS GLAND IS THE “MASTER GLAND” OF THE PITUITARY
-SECRETES UP TO NINE HORMONES
A
HYPOTHALMUS
8
Q
THE PITUITARY GLAND SECRETES HOW MANY HORMONES?
A
7
9
Q
THIS STRUCTURE ATTACHES THE PITUITARY GLAND TO THE HYPOTHALMUS
WITHIN THIS STRUCTURE, BLOOD VESSELS CALLED HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL VEINS CONNECT CAPILLARIES IN THE HYPOTHALMUS TO THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
A
INFUNDIBULUM
10
Q
HORMONE IN CHARGE OF RELEASING FSH AND LH
A
GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
11
Q
STIMULATES HGH AND IGF
A
GROWTH HORMONE
12
Q
INHIBITS GHG AND IGF
A
GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE
13
Q
STIMULATES TSH
A
THYROIID RELEASING HORMONE
14
Q
STIMULATES PR
A
PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE
15
Q
INHIBITS PR
A
PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE
16
Q
STIMULATES ACTH
A
CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
17
Q
THIS GLAND CONTAINS 2 LOBES
- ANTERIOR
- POSTERIOR
THEY REST IN THE HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA, A CUP SHAPED DEPRESSION IN THE SPHENOID BONE
A
PITUITARY GLAND
18
Q
A HORMONE THAT STIMULATES AN ENDOCRINE GLAND TO GROW AND SECRETE IT’S HORMONES
A
TROPIC HORMONES
19
Q
THIS HORMONE
PROMOTES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN GROWTH FACTORS (IGF)
STIMULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MAINTAIN MUSCLE AND BONE MASS
PROMOTE HEALING OF INJUT AND TISSUE REPAIR
ENHANCE BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES
A
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)
20
Q
HGH MAINTAINS BLOOD CONCENTRATION VIA THIS LOOP
A
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
21
Q
THESE TWO HYPOTHALMIC HORMONES CONTROL THE SECRETION OF HGH?
A
GH-RELEASING
GH-INHIBITIING
BOTH DEAL WITH LOW OR HIGHER THAN NORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS.
22
Q
THIS HORMONE FROM THE HYPOTHALMUS CONTROLS TSH SECRETION
A
THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
23
Q
FSH PLAYS WHAT ROLE FOR FEMALES?
A
INITIATES DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE
24
Q
FSH HAS WHAT FUNCTION IN REGARDS TO MALES?
A
STIMULATES SPERM PRODUCTION
25
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) HAS WHAT SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR FEMALES?
- TRIGGERS OVULATION
| - STIMULATES FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN THE OVARY AND THE SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE BY THE CORPUS LUTEUM
26
LUTEINIZING HORMONES CARRY OUT WHAT EFFECTS WITH MALES
STIMULATES TESTES TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE
27
THIS HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HELPS INITIATE THE PRODUCTION OF MILK IN THE MAMMARY GLANDS
DUE TO HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN DURING PREGNANCY
PROLACTIN
28
THIS HORMONE CONTROLS PRODUCTION OAND SECRETION OF HORMONES CALLED GLUCOCORTICOIDS BY THE CORTEX OF THE ADRENAL GLAND?
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
29
ACTH CONTROLS PRODUCTION/SECRETION OF HORMONES CALLED GLYCOCORTICOIDS
ADRENOCORTICOTROPCI HORMONE
30
THIS HORMONE IS VERY LITTLE IN HUMANS AND TOO MUCH HAVE TENDENCY TO HAVE DARKENING OF THE SKIN?
MELANOCYTE STIMULATIING HORMONE
31
THIS ASPECT OF THE PITUITARY GLAND CONTAINS AXONS AND AXON TERMINALS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE IN THE HYPOTHALMUS.
DOES NOT SYNTHESIZE HORMONES
RELEASES TWO HORMONES.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
32
WHAT 2 HORMONES DO THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS RELEASE?
OXYTOCIN
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE
33
THIS HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:
IS RELEASED JUST BEFORE CHILD BIRTH TO TO ENHANCE CONTRACTIONS
STIMULATES EJECTION OF MILK FOR BREASTFED INFANTS
OXYTOCIN
34
THIS HORMONE SECRETED BY THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
- DECREASES URINE OUTPUT
- CAUSES THE KIDNEYS TO RETAIN MORE WATER
- DECREASES WATER LOST WHILE SWEATING
- CAUSES CONSTRICITON OF THE ARTERIOLES
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE
35
IN THE ABSCENCE OF ADH A NORMAL URINE OUTPUT OF 1-2 LITERS PER DAY WOULD INCREASE TO HOW MUCH?
APPROXIMATELY 20 LITERS
36
FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND?
THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND IS TO RUN THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
37
THE RATE AT WHICH THE BODY USES ENERGY WHILE AT REST TO KEEP VITAL FUNCTIONS GOING SUCH AS:
- BREATHING
- HEART BEAT
- THERMOGENESIS
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
38
SHAPE OF THE THYROID GLAND
BUTTERFLY SHAPED
39
THYROID GLAND IS SEPARATED ON THESE ASPECTS OF THE TRACHEA
LEFT AND RIGHT LOBES
40
SPHERICAL SACS THAT MAKE UP MOST OF THE THYROID GLAND
THYROID FOLLICLES
41
EACH THYROID FOLLICLE CONSISTS OF CELLS CALLED
FOLLICULAR CELLS
42
FOLLICULAR CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID FOLLICLES OF THE THYROID GLAND PRODUCE THESE 2 HORMONES
THYROXINE (T4)
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
43
OF THE TWO HORMONES T3 AND T4 THAT ARE PRODUCED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID FOLLICLES, WHICH ONE IS THE MORE ABUNDANT HORMONE?
T3
44
THYROID HORMONE PLAYS A ROLE IN WHAT FACTORS WITHIN THE BODY?
INCREASING BASAL METABOLIC RATE
BODY TEMPERATURE
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
USE OF GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS FOR ATP.
BREAKING DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES AND ENHANCE CHOLESTEROL EXCRETION .
45
THYROID HORMONE WORKS WITH INSULIN AND HGH TO STIMULATE WHAT FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY?
STIMULATE BODY GROWTH PARTICULARLY THE NERVOUS AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS.
46
THIS IS PRODUCED BY PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID GLAND.
DECREASES THE LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD BY INHIBITING THE ACTION OF OSEOCLASTS.
CALCITRONIN
47
SMALL ROUND MASSES OF GLANDULAR TISSUE THAT PARTIALLY EMBEDDED IN THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE THYROID GLAND.
PARATHYROID GLAND
48
THESES CELLS ARE WITHIN THE PARATHYROID GLAND THAT HELP PRODUCED PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
CHIEF CELLS
49
MAJOR REGULATING HORMONE OF THE LEVELS OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE IONS IN BLOOD.
PARATHYROID HORMONE
50
INCREASES THE NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS, WHICH BREAK DOWN BONE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND RELEASE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE INTO THE BLOOD.
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
51
THIS HORMONE PRODUCES 3 CHANGES IN THE KIDNEY?
1. SLOWS RATE OF CALCIUM EXCRETION FROM BLOOD TO URINE
2. INCREASES EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE FROM BLOOD TO URINE.
3. PROMOTES FORMATION OF THE HORMONE CALCITROL (VITAMIN D)
PARATHYROID HORMONE
| PTH
52
FLATTEND ORGAN LOCATED IN THE CURVE OF THE DUODENUM
HAS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS
PANCREAS
53
PARTS OF THE PANCREAS THAT CONSIST OF CLUSTERS OF CELLS CALLED.....
PANCREATIC ISLETS OR ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
54
THIS CELL WITHIN THE PANCREATIC ISLET SECRETES GLUCAGON
ALPHA CELLS
55
THIS PANCREATIC ISLET CELL HELPS SECRETE THE HORMONE INSULIN
BETA CELL
56
WHAT IS THE MAIN ACTION OF THE HORMONE GLUCAGON?
TO INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS WHEN IT FALLS BELOW NORMAL
57
WHAT IS THE MAIN ACTION OF INSULIN?
AIDS IN GLUCOSE BEING MOVED INTO CELLS SUCH AS MUSCLE FIBERS.
THIS IN TURN WILL ALSO LOWER BLOOD SUGAR.
58
THIS HORMONE IS VERY IMPORTANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND REPAIR OF BODY CELLS
THIS HORMONE AIDS IN THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO THE BODY CELLS AND INCREASES THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN AND FATTY ACID WITHIN THE CELLS.
INSULIN
59
THE ADRENAL GLANDS LIE ATOP WHICH TWO ORGANS.
THE KIDNEYS
60
WITHIN THE ADRENAL CORTEX....
WHICH OF THE 3 ZONES DEAS WITH RELEASE OF MINERALCORTICOIDS ?
ZONA GLOMERULOA
61
THIS ZONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX....
RELEASES HORMONES CALLED GLUCOCORTICOIDS BECAUSE THEY AFFECT GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASI
ZONA FASCICULATA
62
THE INNER ZONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX THAT RELEASES MALE AND FEMALE SPECIFIC SEX HORMONES.
ZONA RETICULARIS
63
INNER MOST REGION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND CONSISTING OF SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC CELS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
ADRENAL MEDULLA
64
WITHIN THE ADRENAL CORTEX, WHAT IS THE MAJOR MINERAL CORTICOID THAT REGULATES SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM IONS. INCREASES THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND EXCRETION OF POTASSIUM
ALDOSTERONE
65
SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE OCCURS AS PART OF THIS PATHWAY
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE PATHWAY
66
WHAT CONDITIONS INITIATE THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIS-ALDOSTERONE PATHWAY
- DEHYDRATION
- SODIUM DEFICIENCY
- HEMORRHAGE
67
THE HORMONE THATS SECRETED BY THE LIVER TO AID IN BLOOD PRESSURE
RENIN
68
AS BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE LUNGS IT STIMULATES THIS ENZYME
THEN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSIN I TO THIS AND IN TURN HELPS PRODUCE THIS TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME
ANGIOTENSIN 1 TO 2 WHICH HITS ADRENAL CORTEX AND PRODUCES ALDOSTERONE.
69
THE MOST ABUNDANT GLUCOCORTICOID IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX?
CORTISOL
70
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
GLUCOSE FORMATION
BREAKDOWN OF TRIGLYCERIDES
ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS.
THIS HORMONE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX DOES ALL OF THESE
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
71
ANDROGENS PRODUCED FOR FEMALES FROM THE ZONA RETICULARIS AID IN WHAT FOR WOMEN?
LIBIDO AND CONVERSION TO ESTROGENS
PUBIC HAIR FORMATION
GROWTH SPURTS
72
THE ADRENAL MEDULLA SECRETES THESE TWO HORMONES WHEN THE HYPOTHALMUS STIMULATES SYMPATHETIC NEURONS.
EPI AND NOR EPI
73
EPI AND NOR EPI AID IN SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE HOW?
INCREASE FLOW OF BLOOD TO THE HEART, LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE,, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
HELPS THE BODY RESIST STRESS.
74
ORGANS THAT PRODUCE GAMETS- WHICH ARE SPERM IN MALES AND OOCYTES AND WOMEN.
GONADS
75
FEMALE GONADS THAT PRODUCE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
OVARIES
76
LIST SOME FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE SEX HORMONES
REGULATE MENSES
MAINTAIN PREGNANCY
PREPARE MAMMARY GLANDS
ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN BODY SHAPE
77
THIS PROTEIN HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF FSH
INHIBIN
78
THIS PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCED BY FEMALE OVARIES AND THE PLACENTA DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE FLEXABILITY OF THE SYMPHYSIS AND HELPS DILATE THE UTERINE CERVIX
RELAXIN
79
PRIMARY ANDROGEN OF THE MALE
TESTOSTERONEQ
80
REGULATES SPERM AND STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MASCULINE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS BEARD GROWTH AND DEEPER VOICE
TESTOSTERONE
81
THE MALE TESTIS PRODUCE INHIBIN VIA THIS CELL
SERTOLI
82
THIS GLAND IS SMALL AND ATTACHED AT THE ROOF OF THE 3RD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN AT MIDLINE
PRODUCES MELATONIN
PINEAL GLAND
83
THIS HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PINEAL GLAND THAT DEALS WITH THE BODIES BIOLOGICAL CLOCK.
MELATONIN
84
AS WE AGE:
WHAT HAPPENS TO GROWTH HORMONE
DECREASES AND MAY BE A CAUSE FOR ATROPHY
85
AS WE AGE:
WHAT HAPPENS TO THYROID HORMONE?
DECREASES CAUSING DECREASE IN METABOLIC RATE , INCREASED BODY FAT AND HYPOTHYROIDISM
86
AS WE AGE:
WHAT HAPPENS WITH OUR INSULIN?
RELEASED SLOWER AND BLOOD GLUCOSE INCREASES FASTER.
87
AS WOMEN AGE:
WHAT HAPPENS TO THEIR ESTROGEN AND WHAT COULD THAT EFFECT?
DECREASES CAUSING WEIGHT GAIN, OSTEOPOROSIS, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, CHOLESTEROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
88
ANY STIMULUS THAT PRODUCES A STRESS RESPONSE
STRESSOR
89
A SEQUENCE OF BODILY CHANGES THAT CAN PROGRESS THROUGH STAGES
STRESS RESPONSE
90
1ST STAGE STRESS RESPONSE
-INITIATED BY NERVES IN THE HYPOTHALMUS TO THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
INTIAL FLIGHT OR FIGHT
91
DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE TO STRESSORS. THE BODY BRINGS HUGE AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE TO
BRAIN, SKELETAL MUSCLE AND THE HEART
