anatomy and physiology

Question 1

anatomy is

Answer 1

the study of the form and structure of the human body

Question 2

physiology is

Answer 2

the study of functions at many levels

Question 3

levels of structural organization

Answer 3

1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level

Question 4

levels of structural organization - in depth

Answer 4

atoms - molecule - organelle - smooth muscle cell - smooth muscle tissue - connective tissue - blood vessel - cardiosystem

Question 5

anatomical position

Answer 5

body erect
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward

Question 6

axial division

Answer 6

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Question 7

appendicular division

Answer 7

upper/lower limbs
pectoral/ pelvic girdles

Question 8

superior

Answer 8

toward the head or supper part of the body

Question 9

inferior

Answer 9

away from the head end or toward lower body

Question 10

proximal

Answer 10

closer to the origin of the body part/point of attachment to the body trunk

Question 11

ventral / anterior

Answer 11

toward the front of the body

Question 12

dorsal / posterior

Answer 12

toward back of the body

Question 13

superficial (external)

Answer 13

toward or at the body surface

Question 14

deep (internal)

Answer 14

away from the body surface/ internal

Question 15

medial

Answer 15

toward the midline of the body or inner side

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

away from the midline of the body or the outer side of

Question 17

intermediate

Answer 17

between the medial and lateral

Question 18

sagittal plane

Answer 18

divides body into left and right sections

Question 19

transverse plane

Answer 19

divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Question 20

frontal plane

Answer 20

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 21

functions of the skeletal system

Answer 21

blood cell production
mineral storage
protection of organs
supports the entire body

Question 22

bone types

Answer 22

long bones
short bones
flat/tabular bones
sesamoid bones
irregular bones

Question 23

bone tissue types

Answer 23

cortical bone/compact
cancellous bone / spongy/ trabecular

Question 24

cortical bone

Answer 24

outer shell
yellow bone marrow

Question 25

trabecular bone

Answer 25

red bone marrow
much less dense
middle of long bones

Question 26

bone is a ….

Answer 26

two phase composite material
anisotropic, different mechanical properties when loaded along different axes
viscoelastic, response varies with the rate at which bone is loaded

Question 27

3 types of muscle

Answer 27

skeletal (voluntary)
smooth / visceral muscle (involuntary)
cardiac muscle (involuntary)

Question 28

muscle composition breakdown

Answer 28

sacromere - myofibril - muscle fiber - fascicle - muscle bundle - muscle

Question 29

joint functional classification

Answer 29

synarthrosis - no movement
amphiarthroses - slightly moveable
diarthroses - freely moveable

Question 30

joint structural classification

Answer 30

fibrous (skull)
cartilaginous (ribs)
synovial (knee)

Question 31

synovial joint components

Answer 31

articular cartilae
joint cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
rich nerve and blood vessel supply

Question 32

Three possible types of reinforcing
ligaments

Answer 32

Capsular, extracapsular and intracapsular

Question 33

stabilizing factors at synovial joints

Answer 33

muscle tone
ligament # and location
shapes of articular surfaces

Question 34

ROM of synovial joints

Answer 34

nonaxial - slipping movements only
uniaxial - movement in 1 plane
biaxial - movement in 2 planes
multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes

Question 35

types of joints

Answer 35

hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket

Question 36

foot movements

Answer 36

dorsiflexion - upward movement
plantar flexion - downward movement
inversion - turn sole medially
eversion - turn sole latterally

Question 37

ulna movement

Answer 37

supination - turning hand backward (palm up)
pronation - turning hand forward palm down

Question 38

angular movement

Answer 38

adduction - toward body
abduction - movement away from body