Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(328 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary role of the circulatory system?
A
To deliver oxygen and glucose to the cells of the body and remove waste
2
Q
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
A
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The circulatory system is comprised of the _______.
A
heart, blood vessels, and blood
4
Q
True or False: The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system are simple and easy to understand.
A
False
5
Q
What is the function of the Aorta?
A
It is the main artery that carries blood away from the heart
6
Q
List three major veins in the circulatory system.
A
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Portal vein
7
Q
What is the role of capillary beds in the circulatory system?
A
They facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues
8
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
A
pulmonary artery
9
Q
Name the artery that supplies blood to the arms.
A
Brachial artery
10
Q
Which vein is known as the longest vein in the body?
A
Great saphenous vein
11
Q
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
A
They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
12
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ vein drains blood from the kidneys.
A
renal
13
Q
List two arteries that supply blood to the legs.
A
- Femoral artery
- Posterior tibial artery
14
Q
What is the role of the internal jugular vein?
A
It drains blood from the brain
15
Q
True or False: The external carotid artery supplies blood to the brain.
A
False
16
Q
What is the function of the subclavian artery?
A
It supplies blood to the arms and part of the head and neck
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ artery carries blood to the intestines.
A
mesenteric
18
Q
A
19
Q
What are electron shells?
A
Electrons orbit the atomic nucleus at distinct levels of energy called electron shells.
20
Q
How does hydrogen fill its electron shell?
A
With one electron, hydrogen only half-fills its electron shell.
21
Q
How does helium fill its electron shell?
A
Helium has a single shell, but its two electrons completely fill it.
22
Q
How does carbon fill its electron shells?
A
The electrons of carbon completely fill its first electron shell, but only half-fills its second.
23
Q
How does neon fill its electron shells?
A
Neon has 10 electrons, filling both of its electron shells.
24
Q
What governs an atom’s tendency to participate in chemical reactions?
A
The number of electrons in its valence shell.
25
What is a valence shell?
A valence shell is an atom's outermost electron shell.
26
What happens if the valence shell is full?
If the valence shell is full, the atom is stable; its electrons are unlikely to be pulled away from the nucleus.
27
What happens if the valence shell is not full?
If the valence shell is not full, the atom is reactive; it will tend to react with other atoms to make the valence shell full.
28
How does hydrogen's single electron affect its reactivity?
Hydrogen's single electron is likely to be drawn into relationships with other atoms, stabilizing its valence shell.
29
Which atoms do not have a full valence shell?
All atoms except hydrogen and helium.
30
What are the first two elements on the periodic table?
Hydrogen and helium.
31
How many electrons do hydrogen and helium have?
Hydrogen has one electron, and helium has two electrons.
32
How many electron shells do hydrogen and helium have?
They have just one electron shell.
33
What is necessary for elements larger than hydrogen and helium?
A second shell is necessary to hold the electrons.
34
What is the atomic number of lithium?
Lithium has an atomic number of 3.
35
How many electrons does lithium have?
Lithium has three electrons.
36
How do the electrons in lithium fill the shells?
Two electrons fill the first shell, and the third spills over into a second shell.
37
How many electrons can the second electron shell accommodate?
The second electron shell can accommodate as many as eight electrons.
38
How many electrons does carbon have?
Carbon has six electrons.
39
How do the electrons in carbon fill the shells?
Carbon entirely fills its first shell and half-fills its second.
40
How many electrons does neon have?
Neon has ten electrons.
41
How do the electrons in neon fill the shells?
Neon entirely fills its two electron shells.
42
What do all elements in the second row of the periodic table have?
They have just two electron shells.
43
What is required for atoms with more than ten electrons?
They require more than two shells.
44
Where do elements with more than ten electrons occupy on the periodic table?
They occupy the third and subsequent rows of the periodic table.
45
What is the behavior of electrons in the human body?
Electrons do not exist as independent entities; they constantly react with other atoms to form and break down complex substances.
46
What are electron shells?
Electron shells are layers of electrons that encircle the nucleus at distinct energy levels.
47
How many electron shells can atoms in the human body have?
Atoms can have from one to five electron shells.
48
How many electrons can each electron shell hold?
All electron shells hold eight electrons except the first shell, which can hold only two.
49
What determines the number of electron shells in an atom?
The precise number of shells depends on the number of electrons in the atom.
50
How many electrons do hydrogen and helium have?
Hydrogen has one electron, and helium has two electrons.
51
What is the purpose of inserting radioactive seeds into blood vessels?
The radioactive seeds destroy the vessels and directly kill the tumor cells in the vicinity of the treatment.
52
What do radioisotopes emit?
Radioisotopes emit subatomic particles that can be detected and tracked by imaging technologies.
53
What is a key application of radioisotopes in medicine?
One of the most advanced uses is the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner.
54
How does a PET scanner work?
It detects the activity in the body of a very small injection of radioactive glucose.
55
What does the PET camera reveal?
It shows which of the patient's tissues are taking up the most glucose.
56
What indicates metabolically active tissues on PET images?
The most metabolically active tissues show up as bright 'hot spots' on the images.
57
Why can PET reveal some cancerous masses?
Cancer cells consume glucose at a high rate to fuel their rapid reproduction.
58
What is an Interventional Radiologist?
An Interventional Radiologist is a physician who treats disease using minimally invasive techniques involving radiation.
59
What advancements have been made in medical diagnosis and treatment?
The controlled use of radioisotopes has advanced medical diagnosis and treatment of disease.
60
What are the benefits of interventional radiology compared to traditional surgery?
Interventional radiology reduces cost, pain, length of hospital stay, and recovery time for patients.
61
What is an example of a condition that can be treated by an interventional radiologist?
Liver tumors can be treated by disrupting their blood supply, which they need to grow.
## Footnote
This procedure is called radioembolization.
62
What were the traditional treatment options for liver tumors?
The traditional options were surgery and chemotherapy.
63
Why might surgery not be a viable option for some liver tumors?
Some liver tumors are difficult to access surgically, and others may require the removal of too much of the liver.
64
What is a drawback of chemotherapy for liver tumors?
Chemotherapy is highly toxic to the liver, and certain tumors do not respond well to it.
65
What is an isotope that contains more than the usual number of neutrons called?
A heavy isotope.
## Footnote
An example is 14C.
66
What are heavy isotopes typically characterized by?
They tend to be unstable and are often radioactive.
67
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope whose nucleus readily decays, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy.
68
What is a half-life?
The time it takes for half of any size sample of an isotope to decay.
69
What is the half-life of tritium?
About 12 years.
## Footnote
This indicates it takes 12 years for half of the tritium nuclei in a sample to decay.
70
What can excessive exposure to radioactive isotopes cause?
It can damage human cells and even cause cancer and birth defects.
71
How can radioactive isotopes be useful?
When exposure is controlled, some radioactive isotopes can be useful in medicine.
72
What is the career connection mentioned?
Interventional Radiologist.
73
What is an isotope?
An isotope is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of neutrons.
74
What is the standard isotope of carbon?
The standard isotope of carbon is 12C, commonly called carbon twelve.
75
How many protons and neutrons does 12C have?
12C has six protons and six neutrons, for a mass number of twelve.
76
What are the isotopes of carbon?
The isotopes of carbon include 12C, 13C, and 14C.
77
How many neutrons does 13C have?
13C has seven neutrons.
78
How many neutrons does 14C have?
14C has eight neutrons.
79
How can isotopes be indicated?
The different isotopes of an element can be indicated with the mass number hyphenated (for example, C-12 instead of 12C).
80
What are the three common isotopes of hydrogen?
The three common isotopes of hydrogen are Protium (1H), Deuterium (2H), and Tritium (3H).
81
What is Protium?
Protium, designated 1H, has one proton and no neutrons. It is the most abundant isotope of hydrogen in nature.
82
What is Deuterium?
Deuterium, designated 2H, has one proton and one neutron.
83
What is Tritium?
Tritium, designated 3H, has one proton and two neutrons.
84
What is an element's mass number?
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
85
What is the most common mass number of carbon?
12.
86
Why do electrons not contribute significantly to an atom's mass?
They have so little mass that they do not appreciably contribute to the mass of an atom.
87
What is the mass number of uranium (U)?
238.
88
What is the atomic number of uranium?
92 (it has 92 protons).
89
How many neutrons does uranium contain?
146.
90
What is the heaviest naturally occurring element?
Uranium.
91
What does the periodic table of elements identify?
The 92 elements found in nature and several larger, unstable elements discovered experimentally.
92
How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
In order of their atomic number.
93
Which elements are at the top of the periodic table?
Hydrogen and helium.
94
What useful information does the periodic table provide for each element?
The chemical symbol, atomic number, and mass number.
95
What does the periodic table organize elements by?
Their propensity to react with other elements.
96
What do the number of protons and electrons in an element indicate?
They are equal in a neutral atom.
97
What is the atomic number?
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
98
What defines an element?
An element is defined by the unique quantity of protons it contains.
99
How many protons does carbon have?
Carbon has six protons.
100
What is true about protons, neutrons, and electrons?
One proton is the same as another, and the same is true for neutrons and electrons.
101
What does the atomic number identify besides protons?
The atomic number usually identifies the number of electrons as well.
102
In its most common form, how many neutrons does carbon have?
In its most common form, carbon has six neutrons.
103
What is the total number of subatomic particles in the most common form of carbon?
The total number of subatomic particles in the most common form of carbon is 12.
104
What is the planetary model of atomic structure?
In the planetary model, the electrons of helium are shown in fixed orbits, depicted as rings, at a precise distance from the nucleus, somewhat like planets orbiting the sun.
105
What is the electron cloud model of atomic structure?
In the electron cloud model, the electrons of carbon are shown in the variety of locations they would have at different distances from the nucleus over time.
106
What are the charges of protons and electrons?
Protons carry a positive charge (designated p+) and electrons carry a negative charge (designated e).
107
What is the charge of neutrons?
Neutrons have no charge; they are electrically neutral.
108
How do protons and electrons interact?
The positively charged protons attract the negatively charged electrons, giving the atom structural stability.
109
What keeps electrons from straying far from the nucleus?
The attraction by the positively charged nucleus helps keep electrons from straying far.
110
What is the relationship between protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal, thus the atom's overall charge is balanced.
111
What does the planetary model of an atom depict?
The planetary model shows helium's two electrons circling the nucleus in fixed orbits depicted as rings.
112
How do electrons actually behave in an atom?
Electrons do not travel in fixed orbits; they move erratically around the nucleus in an electron cloud.
113
What is represented in the electron cloud model?
The electron cloud model represents electrons as a cloud of negative charge surrounding the nucleus.
114
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.
115
What is the significance of an atom of hydrogen?
An atom of hydrogen is a unit of hydrogen—the smallest amount of hydrogen that can exist.
116
How small are atoms?
Atoms are almost unfathomably small; the period at the end of a sentence is millions of atoms wide.
117
What are the three important subatomic particles?
The three important subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
118
What gives mass to the atom?
The number of positively-charged protons and non-charged neutrons gives mass to the atom.
119
How do protons and neutrons determine the element?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom determines the element.
120
What is the relationship between electrons and protons?
The number of negatively-charged electrons equals the number of protons.
121
How fast do electrons move?
Electrons 'spin' around the nucleus at close to the speed of light.
122
What is the mass comparison between electrons, protons, and neutrons?
An electron has about 1/2000th the mass of a proton or neutron.
123
What is the most abundant element in the human body?
Oxygen
## Footnote
Composes 65% of the body.
124
What is the second most abundant element in the human body?
Carbon
## Footnote
Composes 18.5% of the body.
125
What is the third most abundant element in the human body?
Hydrogen
## Footnote
Composes 9.5% of the body.
126
What is the fourth most abundant element in the human body?
Nitrogen
## Footnote
Composes 3.2% of the body.
127
What are the trace elements in the human body?
Boron (B), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).
128
What is a compound?
A substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.
129
What is an example of a compound?
Glucose
## Footnote
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
130
What is the ratio of elements in glucose?
There are always six carbon and six oxygen units for every twelve hydrogen units.
131
Can the human body create elements?
No, the human body cannot make elements; they must come from the environment.
132
What is an example of an essential element for the human body?
Calcium (Ca++) is an essential element for the human body.
133
What role does calcium play in the human body?
Calcium is essential for strengthening bones and is absorbed during digestion.
134
How does the digestive system process dairy products?
The digestive system breaks down food into components small enough to cross into the bloodstream.
135
Can elemental calcium be broken down further?
No, elemental calcium cannot be broken down further.
136
What are some other elements found in the human body?
Other elements include oxygen, sodium, and iron.
137
What are the most abundant elements in the human body?
The most abundant elements are oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N).
138
How are elements in the body represented?
Each element's name can be replaced by a one- or two-letter symbol.
139
Where do the elements in your body come from?
All the elements in your body are derived from the foods you eat and the air you breathe.
140
What is mass?
Mass is the amount of matter contained in an object.
141
Does an object's mass change in different gravitational environments?
No, an object's mass remains the same whether it is on Earth or in outer space.
142
What is weight?
Weight is an object's mass as affected by the pull of gravity.
143
How does gravity affect weight?
Where gravity is stronger, an object's weight is greater; where gravity is weaker, its weight is less.
144
How does weight differ on the moon compared to Earth?
An object weighs less on the moon than on Earth because the moon's gravity is less strong.
## Footnote
For example, a piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth weighs only a few ounces on the moon.
145
What are elements?
Elements are pure substances that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means.
146
How many fundamental substances are there?
There are 92 fundamental substances called elements.
147
What are the characteristics of elements?
Characteristics of elements are defined by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms.
148
What is matter?
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.
149
What are the key concepts discussed in this section?
The section discusses relationships between matter, mass, elements, compounds, atoms, and subatomic particles.
150
What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, while mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
151
What distinguishes isotopes of the same element?
Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of neutrons.
152
How do electrons occupy electron shells?
Electrons occupy electron shells based on energy levels, contributing to an atom's relative stability.
153
What is the relationship between mass and weight?
Mass and weight are related concepts, where mass is a measure of matter and weight is the force exerted by gravity on that mass.
154
What are the smallest, most fundamental material components of the human body?
Basic chemical elements.
155
What are nucleotide bases?
Chemicals that are the foundation of the genetic code.
156
How many base pairs are there in human DNA?
About three billion.
157
What does human chemistry include?
Organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (produced by the body).
158
Can life exist without certain elements?
No, life cannot exist without many of the elements that are part of the earth.
159
What are some elements that contribute to chemical reactions and muscle contraction?
Phosphorus, carbon, sodium, and calcium.
160
Where did the elements that contribute to life originate?
In stars.
161
What types of chemical compounds are important to life?
Inorganic and organic chemical compounds, including water, glucose, and proteins.
162
What does this chapter begin by examining?
Elements and how the structures of atoms.
163
What is the fundamental composition of matter?
The fundamental composition of matter consists of atoms.
164
What are the three subatomic particles?
The three subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
165
What are the four most abundant elements in the body?
The four most abundant elements in the body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
166
How does an atom's number of electrons relate to its stability?
An atom's stability is influenced by its number of electrons, particularly in relation to its valence shell.
167
What are the types of chemical bonds?
The types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
168
How is energy invested, stored, and released in chemical reactions?
Energy is invested, stored, and released through chemical reactions that are critical to life.
169
What are the important inorganic compounds that contribute to life?
Important inorganic compounds include water, salts, acids, and bases.
170
What are the four major types of biological macromolecules?
The four major types of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
171
What is the structure of human DNA?
Human DNA is described as a double helix that resembles a molecular spiral staircase.
172
How many chromosomes are organized in human DNA?
In humans, DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes.
173
What will you be able to describe after studying this chapter?
You will be able to describe the fundamental composition of matter.
174
What are the three subatomic particles?
You will be able to identify the three subatomic particles.
175
What are the four most abundant elements?
You will be able to identify the four most abundant elements.
176
When did detailed anatomical drawings of the human body first become available?
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
177
What significant discovery at the end of the nineteenth century allowed non-surgical methods to look inside a living body?
The discovery of X-rays.
178
What are some techniques developed for medical imaging?
CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and ultrasonography.
179
What do these imaging techniques provide?
More accurate and detailed views of the form and function of the human body.
180
Why is water concentration in the body critical?
It is critical for proper functioning.
181
How does a person's body manage water levels?
The body retains very tight control on water levels without conscious control.
182
What languages are used to build anatomical terms?
Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms.
183
What is the standard reference position for mapping the body's structures?
The normal anatomical position is the standard reference position for mapping the body's structures.
184
What are some examples of precise terms used to identify regions of the body?
Terms such as 'occipital' are used to identify regions of the body more precisely than common words.
185
What are directional terms essential for?
Directional terms such as anterior and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures.
186
What are the three planes along which images of the body's interior commonly align?
The three planes are sagittal, frontal, and transverse.
187
How are the body's organs organized?
The body's organs are organized in one of two main cavities: dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior).
188
What are the two layers of serous membranes?
The serous membranes have two layers: parietal and visceral.
189
What do serous membranes cover?
Serous membranes cover the lungs (pleural serosa), heart (pericardial serosa), and some abdominopelvic organs (peritoneal serosa).
190
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the activity of cells throughout the body to maintain the physiological state within a narrow range that is compatible with life.
191
How is homeostasis regulated?
Homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback loops and, much less frequently, by positive feedback loops.
192
What are the components of feedback loops?
Both negative and positive feedback loops have the same components: a stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector.
193
What is the function of negative feedback loops?
Negative feedback loops work to prevent an excessive response to the stimulus.
194
What is the function of positive feedback loops?
Positive feedback loops intensify the response until an end point is reached.
195
What languages are used to build anatomical terms?
Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms.
196
What is the standard reference position for mapping the body's structures?
The standard reference position is the normal anatomical position.
197
How are regions of the body identified?
Regions of the body are identified using terms such as 'occipital' that are more precise than common words.
198
What are directional terms in anatomy?
Directional terms such as anterior and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures.
199
What is the maximum time humans can survive without oxygen?
Humans cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen.
200
How long can humans survive without water?
Humans cannot survive for more than several days without water.
201
What nutrients are essential for human survival?
Humans cannot survive for more than several weeks without carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
202
How does the body respond to high temperatures?
The body responds to high temperatures by sweating.
203
How does the body respond to low temperatures?
The body responds to low temperatures by shivering and increased fuel consumption.
204
Is long-term exposure to extreme temperatures compatible with survival?
No, long-term exposure to extreme heat and cold is not compatible with survival.
205
What is required for respiration in humans?
A precise atmospheric pressure is required to maintain gases in solution and facilitate respiration.
206
What is the importance of blood pressure in humans?
Blood pressure must be high enough to ensure blood reaches all body tissues but low enough to avoid damage to blood vessels.
207
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the activity of cells throughout the body to maintain a physiological state within a narrow range compatible with life.
208
How is homeostasis regulated?
Homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback loops.
209
What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
The levels include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.
210
How are higher levels of organization formed in the human body?
Higher levels are built from lower levels: molecules form cells, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems form organisms.
211
What processes occur in the human body to maintain life?
Processes include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and renewal.
212
What is metabolism in the context of human life?
Metabolism involves energy transfer via anabolic and catabolic reactions.
213
What is the role of organization in human life?
Organization maintains essential body boundaries.
214
What is Cavily?
Cavily is an X-ray form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones.
215
What is human anatomy?
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures.
216
How has the study of anatomy evolved?
Anatomy has primarily been studied via observing injuries and dissection of anatomical structures of cadavers, but in the past century, computer-assisted imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to look inside the living body.
217
What is human physiology?
Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body.
218
What does physiology explain?
Physiology explains how the structures of the body work together to maintain life.
219
Why is it difficult to study anatomy without physiology?
It is difficult to study structure (anatomy) without knowledge of function (physiology).
220
How are anatomy and physiology typically studied?
Anatomy and physiology are typically studied together.
221
What is the thoracic cavity?
Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea.
222
What is a tissue?
Group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function.
223
What is the transverse plane?
Two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
224
What is ultrasonography?
Application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs.
225
What does ventral mean?
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior.
226
What is the ventral cavity?
Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity.
227
What is the thoracic cavity?
Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea.
228
What is a tissue?
Group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function.
229
What is the transverse plane?
Two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
230
What is ultrasonography?
Application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs.
231
What does ventral mean?
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior.
232
What is the ventral cavity?
Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity.
233
What is the serosa?
A membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane.
234
What is a serous membrane?
A membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa.
235
What is a set point?
The ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful.
236
What is the spinal cavity?
A division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity.
237
What does superficial mean?
Describes a position nearer to the surface of the body.
238
What does superior mean?
Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body; also referred to as cranial.
239
What does supine mean?
Face up.
240
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems.
241
What is pressure?
Force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance.
242
What does prone mean?
Face down.
243
What does proximal describe?
A position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
244
What is regional anatomy?
Study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions.
245
What is renewal?
Process by which worn-out cells are replaced.
246
What is reproduction?
Process by which new organisms are generated.
247
What is responsiveness?
Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions.
248
What is the sagittal plane?
Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
249
What is a section in anatomy?
A single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through.
250
What is a sensor (also, receptor)?
Reports a monitored physiological value to the control.
251
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there.
252
What is physiology?
Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions.
253
What is a plane in anatomy?
Imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.
254
What is the pleura?
Serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs.
255
What is positive feedback?
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus.
256
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
Medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues.
257
What does posterior mean?
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal.
258
What is the posterior cavity?
Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity.
259
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there.
260
What is physiology?
Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions.
261
What is a plane in anatomy?
Imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.
262
What is the pleura?
Serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs.
263
What is positive feedback?
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus.
264
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
Medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues.
265
What does posterior mean?
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal.
266
What is the posterior cavity?
Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity.
267
What is negative feedback?
A homeostatic mechanism that stabilizes an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed.
268
What is the normal range?
The range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center.
269
What is a nutrient?
A chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival.
270
What is an organ?
A functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues.
271
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.
272
What is an organism?
A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
273
What is the pericardium?
A sac that encloses the heart.
274
What is anatomy?
The growth process of increasing in size.
275
What is homeostasis?
A steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain.
276
What does inferior describe?
A position below or lower than another part of the body; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx).
277
What does lateral describe?
The side or direction toward the side of the body.
278
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
A medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body.
279
What does medial describe?
The middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
280
What is metabolism?
The sum of all of the body's chemical reactions.
281
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of very small structures of the body using magnification.
282
What is the dorsal cavity?
A cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as the posterior body cavity.
283
What does 'deep' describe?
A position farther from the surface of the body.
284
What is development in biological terms?
The changes an organism goes through during its life.
285
What is differentiation?
The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.
286
What does 'distal' describe?
A position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
287
What does 'dorsal' refer to?
The back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior.
288
What is an effector?
An organ that can cause a change in a value.
289
What is the frontal plane?
A two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
290
What is gross anatomy?
The study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye.
291
What is the dorsal cavity?
A cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as the posterior body cavity.
292
What does 'deep' describe?
A position farther from the surface of the body.
293
What is development in biological terms?
The changes an organism goes through during its life.
294
What is differentiation?
The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.
295
What does 'distal' describe?
A position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
296
What does 'dorsal' refer to?
The back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior.
297
What is an effector?
An organ that can cause a change in a value.
298
What is the frontal plane?
A two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
299
What is gross anatomy?
The study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye.
300
What is the ventral cavity also referred to as?
Organs
## Footnote
Also known as the ventral cavity.
301
What is catabolism?
The breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules.
302
What does 'caudal' describe?
A position below or lower than another part of the body; near or toward the tail.
## Footnote
In humans, this refers to the coccyx.
303
What is a cell?
The smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, it contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles.
304
What is computed tomography (CT)?
A medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained.
305
What is the role of the control center?
It compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector.
306
What does 'cranial' describe?
A position above or higher than another part of the body; also referred to as superior.
307
What is the cranial cavity?
A division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain.
308
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera.
309
What is anabolism?
Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules.
310
What is the anatomical position?
Standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body.
311
What is anatomy?
Science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures.
312
What does anterior mean?
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral.
313
What is the anterior cavity?
Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity.
314
What is catabolism?
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler ones.
315
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera.
316
What is anabolism?
Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules.
317
What is the anatomical position?
Standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body.
318
What is anatomy?
Science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures.
319
What does anterior mean?
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral.
320
What is the anterior cavity?
Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity.
321
What is catabolism?
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler ones.
322
What is ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology.
323
What is the invasiveness level of ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography is the least invasive of all imaging techniques.
324
In what sensitive situations is ultrasonography used more freely?
Ultrasonography is used more freely in sensitive situations such as pregnancy.
325
When was ultrasonography first developed?
The technology was first developed in the 1940s and 1950s.
326
What are some uses of ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
327
What are the main disadvantages of ultrasonography?
The main disadvantages of ultrasonography are that the image quality is heavily operator-dependent and that it is unable to penetrate bone and gas.
328
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominopelvic cavity is a division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera.
