Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
When is the Embryonic stage?
A
3-8 weeks after conception
2
Q
What does a blastocyst develop into?
A
Embryo
3
Q
What is the stage before embryo?
A
Blastocyst
4
Q
A
5
Q
When does the fetal stage of development occur?
A
9 weeks and lasts until birth
6
Q
What happens during the fetal stage?
A
All organs and systems continue to develop and mature
7
Q
What happens during the embryonic stage
A
Organ formation begins
8
Q
Hegars sign
A
Softening of the isthmus
9
Q
Goodell sign
A
Cervical and uterine softening
10
Q
Length of human gestation
A
266 days
11
Q
Menarche
A
The first menstraul period
12
Q
Where does fertilization occur?
A
The fallopian tubes
13
Q
Hormones the placenta produces
A
Estrogen and progesterone
14
Q
Physiology
A
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
15
Q
What is the corpus luteum?
A
A temporary endocrine gland that forms in the ovary after ovulation
16
Q
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
A
Production of progesterone
17
Q
Gynecoid pelvis
A
Most common, round/slightly oval inlet
-wide pubic arch
-ideal shape
18
Q
Android pelvis
A
Heart shape
-narrower inlet
19
Q
Anthropoid pelvis
A
-oval
-long narrow inlet
20
Q
Platypelloid pelvis
A
-flat
-wide shallow inlet
-difficult vaginal delivery
21
Q
What is progesterone?
A
Female sex hormone
-hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg
22
Q
What does progesterone inhibit?
A
The release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the lutenzing hormone (LH) preventing further ovulation during the same cycle
23
Q
Parity
A
Number of pregnancies that have reached 20 weeks or more
24
Q
Eutocia
A
Normal uncomplicated childbirth (opposite of dystocia)
25
Decidua
Thick layer or modified mucous membrane which lines the uterus during pregnancy and is shed with the afterbirth.
26
What are chorionic villi?
Microscopic finger-like projections that extend from the chorion (outer membranes)
27
What is the function of the chorionic villi?
Facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide between the moms blood and fetus blood
-produces hormones such as HCG
-Building blocks of the placenta
28
Structure of the chorionic villi
Stroma
Cytotrophoblast
Syncriotrophoblast
29
What are the 3 main estrogen types?
Estriol
Estradiol
Estrone
30
Estriol
One of the three main estrogens
31
What is the function of estriol?
Estriol is mainly produced by the placenta.
-plays a crucial role in supporting growth and development of the fetus and maintaining a healthy pregnancy.
32
Estriol levels
-low in non-pregnant women
-increase significantly in pregnancy, peak in third trimester
-During labor, initiatives contractions.
-decline rapidly after birth
33
Naegele’s rule
Formula used to estimate the EDD
-based on the assumption that a pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstraul period
34
What is a blastocyst?
Early stage of embryonic development
35
When does the blastocyst form
5-6 days after fertilization
36
What are the two main parts of a blastocyst?
Inner cell (ICM)
-a cluster of cells that will develop into the embryo
Trophoblast
-an outer layer of cells that will form the placenta and other support structures for the developing fetus
37
Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
38
What is the Corpus luteum?
A temporary endocrine gland that forms in the ovary after ovulation
39
What is the function of the corpus luteum
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce progesterone. It is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy early on
40
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn’t occur?
It degenerates and is absorbed by the ovary
41
When does the courteous luteum reach peak size
It grows and reaches peak size 8-10 days after ovulation
42
Trophoblast
-Cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst
-first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg
43
When is a zygote formed?
When a sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell
44
Zygote
Single cell organism with genetic info from both parents
45
Where does the zygote occur
In the fallopian tube
46
What does the trophoblast do?
Provides nutrients to the embryo
47
What does the trophoblast develop into
A large part of the placenta
48
Warning signs of ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal pain at 8 weeks gestation
-low HCG
49
Salpingectomy
Removal of an ectopic pregnancy and damaged uterine tubes.
50
51
Fibroids
-benign uterine masses
-can grow considerably during pregnancy
-pregnancy may be affected by reduced intrauterine space or disrupted placental implantation
-immediate pp may be complicated by hemorrhage
52
Leep procedure
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure is a minimally invasive gynecological procedure used to remove abnormal cells from the cervix
53
Can a leep procedure complicate pregnancy
Yes, it can cause problems with pregnancy and labor
-incompetent cervix
-premature labor
54
Treating cervical scar tissue
Scar tissue can be softened by evening primrose oil and massaged gently on the cervix
55
Geological surgeries cervical procedures
Cervical procedures used to remive abnormal cells may result in scarring that retards dilation
1. Cone biopsy
2. Cervical cauterization
3. Cryosurgery
56
Health history: HX of abortion
-suction less traumatic than d&c
-D&c more likely to cause scarring
-emotional effects
-any issues with bleeding or infection
-did she receive rhogam if rh neg
57
Fatigue
Common in early pregnancy
-elevated hormone levels
-anemia, especially if combined with dizziness or nausea beyond the first trimester
58
Eutocia
Opposite of dystocia
Normal uncomplicated childbirth
59
Amnitomy
AROM
60
Nadir
Opposite of acme
Nadir is the lowest point
61
Acme
The point of maximum intensity or strength within a single ctx cycle is
62
Acme
The point of maximum intensity or strength within a single ctx cycle
63
Effectiveness if symptothermal method
When used correctly has an effective’s rate up to 98%
64
Symptothermal method
Natural family planning technique
-basal body temp-taken in morning before getting out of bed
-cervical mucous ovservation- changes in consistency and sanity of mucous indicate hormonal fluctuation
-calander method- tracking menstrual cycles to identify patterns and predict ovulation
65
Normal hematocrit/hemoglobin lab values
Hemoglobin 9.5-15gldL
Hematocrit 28-40%
3x hemoglobin
66
CBC complete blood count
Normal lab values
White blood cells (WBC) 2.9-11.6
Red blood cells (RBC). 3.9-5.4
Hemoglobin (HGB) 11.7-15.3
Hematocrit (HCT) 35.3 -47.8
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80.1- 97.8
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 24.4 -32.6
67
CBC complete blood count normal lab values
Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
31-37
Reb blood cell distribution width (RDW) 10.8-14.1
Platelets (PLT) 118-422
Mean platelet volume (mpv) 6.5-13.5
Neutrophils (anc) 15-7.7
Lymphocytes 0.1-2.6
Monocytes 0.1-0.9
68
69
70
Prolactin is secreted by the
Pituitary
71
What are the (8) parts of the female reproductive tract?
Uterus
2 ovaries
2 fallopian tubes
Cervix
Vagina
External genitalia
72
Which 2 female steroid hormones is the ovary responsible for making
Estrogen and progesterone
73
Urobilin
Causes amber color
74
What colony count per millimeter of urine is significant (bacterial cells)
>100,000
75
Specific gravity of urine?
Is it Acidic or basic?
Specific gravity 1010-1030
Acidic (usually)
76
What does the Ectoderm develop into?
Develops into neurotube, central nervous system, pineal body, posterior part of the pituitary gland, cranial and sensory nerves and ganglia. Medulla (inner part) of adrenal gland, pigment cells, cartilages, connective tissue, bulb
77
78
The heart begins beating in the embryo during which week (from conception)?
4 weeks
79
What is the normal range of pulse in an adult?
60-80 bpm
80
What is the normal range for respirations in an adult?
12-20
81
The uterine endometrium during pregnancy is called the:
Decidua
82
In clinical pelvimetry, if the pelvis is adequate, the angle of the pubic arch should be at least:
90 degrees
83
The basic shape of the anthropoid pelvis is:
anterior/posterior oval
84
The basic shape of the android pelvis is:
Heart
85
The ischial spines of the android pelvis are:
Prominent
86
The pubic arch of the platypelloid pelvis is:
>90 degrees
87
The curve of Carus is
The curve formed by the sacrum, coccyx and pubic bones
88
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of existing cells.
89
During pregnancy, the increased number and activity of the endocervical glands are responsible for:
The formation of the mucous plug
90
The femoral pulse is located:
In the groin
91
When performing a pelvic exam, one of the bony elements the midwife will identify is located at the end of the sacral curve, and should be slightly moveable. This is the:
Coccyx
92
What is the name of the temporary opening between the atria in the fetal heart, which allows blood to pass since it does not need to pass through the lungs?
foramen ovale
93
Polycythemia is:
an increase in red blood cells
94
Diuresis
Increased urine output
