Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
(49 cards)
Anatomy and Physiology
The female reproductive system is designed to produce and transport ova (female sex cells), discharge ova from the body if fertilization does not occur, and nourish and provide a place for the developing fetus throughout pregnancy if fertilization occurs. The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones____ and_____, which play an important role in the reproductive process. These hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
estrogen progesterone
The Sex, or reproductive, organs visible on the outside of the body; _____are also called the_____. Male genitalia include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.
vulva
External genitalia
Length of time from conception to birth
The human ____ period typically extends approximately____ days from the last menstrual period. _____ (pregnancy) of less than___ weeks is considered premature.
Gestation2x
280
36
Production and release of milk by mammary glands
Lactation
Lact: milk
Ation: process of
Mouth; entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure
Orifice
Female Reproductive Structures
The female reproductive system is composed of the internal organs of reproduction and the external genitalia. The internal organs include the (1) ovaries, (2) fallopian tubes, (3) uterus, and (4) vagina. The external genitalia are collectively known as the vulva. Included in these structures are the (5) labia minora, (6) labia majora, (7) clitoris, (8)_____ glands, and_____, an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubis (pubic bone). The area between the vaginal orifice and the anus is known as the____.
Bartholin mons pubis perineum
Female Reproductive Organs
The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. They are designed to produce female reproductive cells (ova), transport the cells to the site of fertilization, provide a favorable environment for a developing fetus through pregnancy and childbirth, and produce female sex hormones. Hormones play an important role in the reproductive process, providing their influence at critical times during preconception, fertilization, and gestation. (See Fig. 12-2, page 398.)
The (1) ovaries are___-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary contains thousands of tiny, saclike structures called (2) _____ian follicles, each containing an ovum. When an ovum ripens, the (3) mature follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the ovum in a process called ovulation. After ovulation, the empty follicle transforms into a structure called the (4)___ ___eum, a small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone. The corpus luteum degenerates at the end of a nonfertile cycle. Estrogen and progesterone influence the ___&____. They also prepare the____ for implantation of the fertilized egg, help____ pregnancy, promote growth of the ____nta, and play an important role in development of secondary sex characteristics.
almond
graaf
corpus lut
Menstrual cycle and menopause
uterus
maintain
place
Two (5) fallopian tubes (___ducts, ____ine tubes) extend laterally from superior angles of the uterus. The (6) ____ae are fingerlike projections that create wavelike currents in fluid surrounding the ovary to move the ovum into the uterine____. If the egg unites with a sperma______, the male reproductive cell, fertilization (or conception) takes place. The fertilized egg then continues its journey to the uterus, where it implants on the uterine wall. If conception does not occur, the ovum disintegrates within___ hours and is discharged through the vagina.
Ovi
Uter
fimbri
tube
Tozoon
48
The (7)____ contains and nourishes the embryo from the time the fertilized egg is implanted until the fetus is born. It is a muscular, hollow structure shaped like an inverted pear and is located in the pelvic area between the bladder and rectum. The uterus normally tilts forward (____) in the pelvic cavity and consists of three parts: the (8)____, the upper, rounded part; the (9)____, the central part; and the (10)____, also called the neck of the uterus or____ uteri, the inferior constricted portion that opens into the vagina.
uterus anteflexion fundus
body
cervix 2
The (11) vagina is a_____ tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body. Its lining consists of folds of____ membrane that give the organ an elastic quality. During sexual excitement, the vaginal orifice is lubricated by secretions from (12)___ glands. In addition to serving as the organ of sexual intercourse and receptor of semen, the vagina discharges menstrual flow. It also acts as a passageway for the delivery of the fetus. The clitoris, located anterior to the vaginal orifice, is composed of erectile tissue that is richly innervated with sensory endings. The clitoris is similar in structure to the penis in the male, but it is smaller and has no___. The area between the vaginal orifice and the anus is known as the perineum. During childbirth, this area may be surgically incised (_____tomy) to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery.
muscular mucous Bartholin
urethra
Episio
Although mammary glands (breasts) are present in both sexes, they function only in females. (See Fig. 12-3.) The breasts are not directly involved in reproduction but become important after delivery. Their biological role is to secrete milk for the nourishment of the newborn, a process called lactation. Breasts begin to develop during puberty as a result of periodic stimulation of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone and are fully developed by age 16.____ is responsible for the development of (1) adipose tissue, which enlarges the size of the breasts until they reach full maturity. Breast size is primarily determined by the amount of fat around the____ tissue but is not indicative of functional ability. Each breast is composed of 15 to 20____ of milk-producing glands that are drained by a (2) ____ous duct, which opens on the tip of the raised (3) nipple. Circling the nipple is a border of slightly darker skin called the (4) areola. During pregnancy, the breasts enlarge and remain so until lactation ceases. At menopause, breast tissue begins to____.
Estrogen glandular lobules
lactifer
atrophy
Menstrual Cycle
____arche, the initial menstrual period, occurs at puberty (about age 12), and menstruation continues for approximately___ years, except during____. The menstrual cycle consists of a series of phases, during which the uterine endometrium changes as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones. (See Table 12-1.) The duration of the menstrual cycle is approximately____ days. (See Fig. 12-4.)
Men
40
pregnancy
28
During pregnancy, the uterus changes shape, size, and consistency. It increases greatly in size and____ mass; houses the growing placenta, which nourishes the embryo-fetus; and expels the fetus after gestation. To prepare to serve as the birth canal at the end of pregnancy, the vaginal canal___ as the uterus___ in the pelvis. The____ thickens, secretions increase, and the ____ity and _____ity of the cervix and vagina become more pronounced.
The average pregnancy (gestation) lasts approximately 9 months and is followed by childbirth (_____tion). Up to the third month of pregnancy, the product of conception is referred to as the___. From the third month to the time of birth, the unborn offspring is referred to as the____.
muscle elongates rises
mucosa vascular
elastic
Parturi embryo
fetus
Uterine endometrium sloughs off because of hormonal stimulation, a process accompanied by bleeding. The detached tissue and blood are discharged through the vagina as menstrual flow. This describes._______
 menstrual days one through five
When menstruation ceases, the endometrium begins to thicken as new tissue is rebuilt. As the____ level rises, several ova begin to mature in the ____ian follicles, usually with only one ovum reaching full maturity. At about the 14th day of the cycle, the graafian follicle ruptures, releasing the egg, a process called ovulation. The egg then leaves the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus. This period is called ____
estrogen
graaf
Ovulatory day six – 14
The empty graafian follicle fills with a yellow material and is now called the___ ___eum. Secretions of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum stimulate the building of the____ in preparation for implantation of an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate as estrogen and progesterone levels decrease.* With_____ levels, the uterine lining begins to shed, the menstrual cycle starts over again, and the first day of menstruation begins.
corpus lut
endometrium
decreased hormone
Days 15–28 post ovulatory
Some women experience a loose grouping of symptoms called____ syndrome (PMS). These symptoms usually occur about___ days after the decrease in hormone levels and include____ tension, irritability, headaches, breast tenderness, and a feeling of depression.
premenstrual
5
nervous
Pregnancy also causes enlargement of the breasts, sometimes to the point of pain. Many other changes occur throughout the body to accommodate the development and birth of the fetus. Toward the end of gestation, the myometrium begins to____ weakly at irregular intervals. At this time, the full-term fetus is usually positioned____ within the uterus.
contract
head down
____is the physiological process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus. Labor occurs in three stages. The first is the stage of____, which begins with uterine contractions and terminates when there is complete dilation of the cervix (____cm). The second is the stage of___, the time from complete cervical dilation to birth of the baby. The last stage is the____ stage, or afterbirth. This stage begins shortly after childbirth when the uterine contractions discharge the placenta from the uterus. (See Fig. 12-5, page 402.)
Labor
dilation
10
expulsion placental
_____is the cessation of ovarian activity and____ hormone production that occurs at about age 50. Menopause is usually diagnosed if absence of menses (______rrhea) has persisted for 1 year. The period in which symptoms of approaching menopause occur is known as the change of life or the ______eric.
Many women experience hot flashes and vaginal drying and thinning (vaginal____) as____ levels fall. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has become more controversial, it is still used to treat vaginal atrophy and porous bones (osteo_____), and it is believed to play a role in heart attack prevention. Restraint in prescribing estrogens for long periods in all menopausal women arises from concern that there is an increased risk that long-term usage will induce neo______ changes in estrogen-sensitive____ tissue.
Menopause
diminished
Ameno
Climact
atrophy estrogen
Porosis
Plastic
Aging
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
• The female____ system has special mechanisms that inhibit destruction of sperm cells.
• The female reproductive tract secretes____ and other substances that inhibit entry of pathogens into the internal reproductive structures.
Cardiovascular
•____ lower blood cholesterol levels and promote cardiovascular health in premenopausal women.
Digestive
• Estrogens have an effect on the metabolic____.
Endocrine
• Estrogens provide a feedback mechanism that influences____ function.
• Estrogens assist in the production of human chorionic ____otropin (HCG) hormone.
immune enzymes Estrogens
rate
pituitary
Gonado
Integumentary
• Female hormones affect growth and distribution of body____.
• Female hormones influence the activity of____ glands.
• Female hormones influence skin____ and___ distribution.
Male Reproductive
• The female reproductive system provides the ovum needed to make fertilization by sperm possible.
Musculoskeletal
• Estrogen influences____ development and size.
• Estrogen influences___ growth, maintenance, and closure of epiphyseal plates.
Nervous
• Estrogen affects central nervous system development and sexual behavior.
• Estrogen provides antioxidants that have a ____protective function.
Respiratory
• Sexual arousal and pregnancy produce changes in the rate and depth of breathing.
• Estrogen is believed to provide a beneficial effect on the alveoli of the lungs.
Urinary
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes and maintain the homeostatic mechanisms of the mother and fetus.
hair sebaceous
fat
muscle
Bone
neuro
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac performed under ultrasound guidance using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid.
Amniocentesis amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac) amni/o/centesis
