Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Shape and support, muscle attachment for movement, protect protection, red blood cell production.
What are the different types of joints and give an example of each?
- Synovial joints: elbow, joint hip joint shoulder joint.
- Slightly movable: vertebrate.
- Fixed joints: cranium.
What are two types of synovial joints?
- Ball and socket. Eg. Hip; pelvis, femur.
- Hinge. Eg. Elbow, knee and ankle.
Describe the structure and function of synovial joint components.
- Synovial membrane:
Describe the structure and function of synovial joint components.
- Synovial membrane: surrounds the joint capsule and the cells of this membrane and secret synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid: a thick fluid that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction at the joint, allowing smooth movement reduces worse and tears, and provides nourishment to the articular cartilage.
- Joint capsule: the structure surrounding and protecting the joint, holding the bones together made up of outer fibrous membranes, and in a synovial membrane.
- Cartilage: strong but flexible material that covers the end of the bone which act as a cushion to stop bones knocking together.
- Ligament: the strong elastic fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together and keep them in place.
What are the types of movements at joints?
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Rotation
Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.
Describe flexion and extension
Flexion involves bending a part of the body this occurs when the angle of a joint decreases.
Extension means straightening a part of the body. This occurs on the angle at a joint increases.
Describe abduction and adduction.
Abduction is the sideways movement away from the center of the body.
Adduction is the sideways movement towards the center of the body.
Describe rotation.
Rotation is when a body part is rotated on its own axis.
Describe planter flextion and dorsiflexion.
Plantarflexion is the movement in the ankle that points the foot away from the leg.
Dorsiflexion is the movement in the ankle where the toes are brought closer to the shin.
Compare the range of movement between a ball and socket and hinge joint.
Fallen socket joints, offer a wide range of movement in multiple direction, but are less stable, whereas he joints, allow movement in only one plane and are more stable.
What is a role of tendons?
Tendon facilitate movement by connecting muscles to bones.
What are agonist and antagonist in joint movement?
Agonist is the muscle that contracts to produce movement.
Antagonist is a muscle that opposes the movement by relaxing.
They work in antagonistic pairs when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.
What are isotonic and isometric contractions?
Isotonic muscles change length:
Concentric: muscle shorten.
Eccentric: muscle lengths under tension.
Isometric: muscle stays the same length tension builds, but no movement.
Which muscle fiber type produces more force - slow twitch or fast twitch?
Fast twitch fiber is produced more force, and slow twitch fibers.
Which muscle fiber type is more resistant to fatigue?
Slow to fibers have higher fatigue tolerance, making them suitable for endurance activities.
What type of energy supply do slow twitch fibers use?
Aerobic energy supply.
What type of energy supplied you fast which fibers use?
Anaerobic energy supply.
Describe the pathway of air to the body.
Air enters through the mouth or nasal passage, then travel down the trachea into the bronchi, then into smaller bronchioles and finally reaches the alveoli of your gas exchange takes place.
What characteristics of the alveoli enable gas exchange occur?
It has a large surface area, allow allowing gas to diffuse more gas to diffuse.
It is surrounded by capillaries, then show blood supply .
It is one sell thick to allow gas exchange to take place.
What is the function of the diaphragm and intercultural muscles in normal breathing?
Diaphragm: contraction move downwards during inhalation to increase chest cavity volume drawing air in. Relaxes and move upwards during acceleration to reduce volume and push air out.
Intercoastal muscle :
External intercoastal contractor lift ribs up and out doing inhalation further increasing chest volume.
Internal intercoastal, relaxing during inhalation and contracting exhalation to pull ribs down, decreasing the volume and adding air removal.
Describe and explain title volume vital capacity, residual volume and minute ventilation. How does exercise affect them?
Tidal volume the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath.
- increases during exercise to meet higher oxygen demand.
Vital capacity, the maximum amount of air, a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.
- stays the same during exercise.
Residual volume the air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
- stays the same during exercise.
Minute ventilation the total volume of air breathe out or in per minute. (Tidal volume x breathing rate)
-increases significantly during exercise due to deeper and faster breathing.
What are the functions of plasma, red blood cell cells, white blood cells and platelets?
Plasma transports nutrients, hormones, waste products, and carbon dioxide around the body.
Red blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to body cells using hemoglobin .
White blood cells defend the body against infections by destroying pathogens .
Platelets help blood clot to stop bleeding after an injury.
What is the role of hemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Oxygen: hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhemoglobin transporting oxygen to body cells.
Carbon dioxide: carries CO2 from body cells back to the lungs, either combine with hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma.
