Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

The Skeleton

Answer 1

A shaping framework for internal organs which gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood production and is a mineral store

Question 2

Flat bones

Answer 2

Protect internal organs and act as sites for muscular attachment

Question 3

Long bones

Answer 3

Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production

Question 4

Irregular bones

Answer 4

Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Question 5

Short bones e.g. carpals

Answer 5

Carpals and tarsals bear weight

Question 6

Sesamoid bones e.g. patella

Answer 6

Patella ease joint movement and resist compression

Question 7

Two arm bones

Answer 7

Ulna and radius

Ulna connected to little finger

Radius connected to thumb

Question 8

To lower leg bones

Answer 8

Tibia and fibula

Tibia is large one, fibula is small

Question 9

Finger bones

Answer 9

Phalanges

Question 10

Hand bones

Answer 10

Meta carpals

Question 11

Wrist bone

Answer 11

Carpals

Question 12

Ankle and Top of foot bones

Answer 12

Talus and Tarsals

Question 13

Foot bones

Answer 13

Meta tarsals

Question 14

Toes

Answer 14

Phalanges

Question 15

Ligament

Answer 15

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Function -
Connects bone to bone and stabilises joint during movement

Question 16

Synovial fluid

Answer 16

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Function -
Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 17

Articular cartilage

Answer 17

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure-
Smooth tissue which covers the surface of the articulating bone

Function -
Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

Question 18

Joint capsule

Answer 18

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Function -
Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 19

Bursa

Answer 19

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A closed, fluid fulled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Function - reduces friction between tendons and bones

Question 20

Joint

Answer 20

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

Question 21

Hinge joint

Answer 21

A cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement. Motion restricted to one plane

Question 22

Condyloid joint

Answer 22

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes

E.g. the wrist

Question 23

Pivot joint

Answer 23

A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bine which restricts motion to one plane

E.g. the radio-ulnar joint

Question 24

Gliding joint

Answer 24

Almost flat, similar sized bones articulate with limited motion in three planes

E.g. the spine

Question 25

Ball and socket joint

Answer 25

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

Question 26

The planes of movement

Answer 26

The sagittal plane - lies vertically. It divides the body into left and right parts from medial to lateral The frontal plane - lies vertically. Dividing the body into front and back The transverse plane - lies horizontally. Dividing the body into upper and lower

Question 27

Transverse planes

Answer 27

The transverse plane - lies horizontally. Dividing the body into upper and lower Somersault

Question 28

The frontal plane

Answer 28

The frontal plane - lies vertically. Dividing the body into front and back Adduction, abduction

Question 29

The sagittal plane

Answer 29

The sagittal plane - lies vertically. It divides the body into left and right parts from medial to lateral Flexion/extension

Question 30

Flexion

Answer 30

Decreases the joint angle

Question 31

Extension

Answer 31

Increases the joint angle

Question 32

Dorsi-flexion

Answer 32

Decreases the joint angle | Bringing tors closer to the tibia

Question 33

Plantar flexion

Answer 33

Increase the angle Moving the toes further away from tibia Pointing toes

Question 34

Abduction

Answer 34

moves the articulating bones away from the midline of the body

Question 35

Adduction

Answer 35

Moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body

Question 36

Horizontal extension

Answer 36

Moves articulating bones away from midline of the body E.g. the backswing of a discuss throw

Question 37

Horizontal flexion

Answer 37

Moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body E.g. the throw/forward swing of a discuss throw

Question 38

Rotation

Answer 38

When articulating bones turn about it’s longitudinal axis Rotation toward the body is medial Rotation away from the body is lateral

Question 39

Origin

Answer 39

The point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction e.g. the biceps brachii origin is on the scapula during an arm curl

Question 40

Insertion

Answer 40

The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

Question 41

Antagonistic muscle action

Answer 41

Agonist and antagonist and fixator work together in a coordinated movement

Question 42

Agonist

Answer 42

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as a prime mover

Question 43

Antagonist

Answer 43

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement. Usually lengthens

Question 44

Fixator

Answer 44

A muscle that stabilises on part of a body while another causes movement

Question 45

Isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 45

Muscular contraction which changes length during it’s contraction

Question 46

Isometric muscle contraction

Answer 46

Muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension. Posture is is maintained by isometric contraction

Question 47

Concentric muscle contraction

Answer 47

Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens, causing tension

Question 48

Eccentric

Answer 48

Muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens producing tension

Question 49

Motor neuron

Answer 49

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to group of muscle fibres

Question 50

Motor unit

Answer 50

The motor neuron and it’s muscle fibres

Question 51

Action potential

Answer 51

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre