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Head And Neck Year 2 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Superior neck boundary

A

Mandible

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2
Q

Inferior neck boundary

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

Anterior neck boundary

A

Anterior midline

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4
Q

Posterior neck boundary

A

Trapezius

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5
Q

Anterior neck triangle boundary

A

Anterior=midline of neck

Posterior=anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

Nerves in anterior neck triangle

A

Vagus 10
Glossopharyngeal 9
Accessory 11
Laryngeal

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7
Q

Vessels in anterior neck triangle

A 
CCA
ECA
ICA
IJV
Facial vein
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8
Q

Nodes in anterior neck neck triangle

A

Submandibular

Submental

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9
Q

At which level does the CCA bifurcate?

A

C4

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10
Q

8 branches of ECA in neck

A 
Superior thyroid 
Ascending pharyngeal 
Lingual 
Occipital 
Facial 
Posterior auricular 
Maxillary 
Superficial temporal
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11
Q

Indications for a central venous line?

A

Central venous pressure
Drug admin
Cardiac pacing
Blood sampling

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12
Q

Tx for central lines

A

Fluid resuscitations
Haemodialysis
IV nutrition

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13
Q

Complications of a central line

A 
Pneumothorax 
Haematoma 
Cardiac tamponade
Air embolism 
Chylothorax
False passage 
Thrombosis 
Sepsis 
Line blockage
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14
Q

Where does the lymph in the neck drain to?

A

Cisterna chyli

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15
Q

Where does the parotid gland drain to?

A

Scalp

Face parotid gland

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16
Q

Where do the occipital glands drain to?

A

Scalp

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17
Q

Where do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

Breast and solid viscera

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18
Q

What’s a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Dilation of thyroglossal duct reminant

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19
Q

What must happen before a thryoglossal cyst is removed?

A

An US to make sure there’s functioning thyroid tissue else where

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20
Q

what is a thyroid mass?

A

A solitary nodule

Multi-nodular goitre

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21
Q

Cyst vs adenoma

A

Cyst=localised to due haemorrhage

Adenoma=Benigno follicular tissue

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22
Q

RFs for solitary thyroid nodule

A

F>M
30-40 years
10% malignancy in middle age
50% malignancy in young

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23
Q

Ix for a solitary thyroid nodule

A

us
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Thyroid lobectomy

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24
Q

What can fine needle aspiration cytology not distinguish between?

A

Between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma

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25
The 4 types of thyroid cancer
Papillary lymphatic metastases Follicular haematogenous metastases Medullary Anaplastic
26
From which cells does medullary thyroid cancer arise from?
Parafollicular C cells
27
What can lead to colloid goitre?
``` Gland hyperplasia Iodine deficiency Puberty Pregnancy Lactation ```
28
What is grave’s disease?
Auto-antibodies against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
29
S+S of grave’s disease
Thyroid eye disease -inflammation in the muscles, fatty tissue, eyelids and tear ducts Acropachy -soft tissue swelling of the hands/clubbing Pre-tibial myxoedema -lumpy lower legs/shins
30
Tx for grave’s disease
Anti-thyroids Beta-blockers Radio-iodine Surgery
31
Complications of a thyroidectomy
``` Bleeding Voice hoarseness Thyroid storm -underactive or untreated hyperthyroidism Scar ```
32
S+S of multi-nodular goitre
No eye signs | Atrial fibrillation
33
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4
34
What do the parathyroid glands do?
Regulate calcium and phosphate levels
35
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior to the poles of the thyroid
36
S+S of parathyroid disease
``` Painful stones Aching bones Abdominal groans Renal failure Pancreatitis Weight loss Anxiety and depression ```
37
Ix for parathyroid disease
``` U+E Creatine -kindness functions Ca Phosphate -thyroid -parathyroid Vit D US CT/MRI Isotope scanning -shows cancer cells ```
38
4 fascia layers of the neck
Pre-tracheal Pre-vertebral Deep cervical Carotid sheath
39
What’s a tracheostomy?
Incision into trachea to help breathing
40
Indications for tracheostomy
Airway obstruction Airway protection Poor ventilation to reduce dead space
41
Ongoing Tx for tracheostomy
Need suctioning Need humidification Need long term care
42
What’s stridor
Clinical sign of airway obstruction
43
What anatomical part causes an inspiratory stridor?
Laryngeal
44
What anatomical part causes an expiration stridor?
Tracheo-bronchial
45
What anatomical part causes a bi-phasic stridor?
Glottic/sub glottic
46
What’s a branchial cyst
Remnant of fusion failure of branchial arches or lymph node cystic degeneration
47
Can light pass through a branchial cyst
Yes | It transilluminates
48
Where is a branchial cyst located?
Anterior to SCM, at the junction of the upper and middle thirds
49
What’s a pharyngeal pouch?
Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa between thyropharyngeus and circopharyngeus of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx
50
S+S of a pharyngeal pouch?
``` Voice hoarseness Regurg Dysphagia Aspiration pneumonia Weight loss Neoplasia ```
51
Ix for pharyngeal pouch
Barium swallow
52
What is the oral vestibule?
Space between lips and teeth
53
Boundaries of the oral cavity
Lips to palatoglossal arch
54
The 4 muscles of mastication
Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Temporalis Masseter
55
3 phases of swallowing
Oral phase Pharyngeal Oesophageal
56
How is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue made?
1st branchial arch
57
Sensation supply to anterior 2/3rds of tongue
Lingual nerve | Branch of V3
58
Taste sensation of anterior 2/3rds of tongue
Chorda tympani of the facial
59
How is the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue developed?
3rd branchial arch
60
What supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
IX
61
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Change the shape of the tongue
62
What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Alter the position
63
What set of muscles are on the top of the tongue?
Extrinsic
64
Epithelium in the oropharyx?
Stratified, non-keratinised
65
Nerve supply to the oropharynx
Pharyngeal plexus | IX-X
66
Nerve supply to the hypopharynx
IX-X
67
What’re the three paired cartilages in the trachea
Corniculate Cuneiforme Arytenoid
68
Nerve supply to the larynx
X
69
What’s the motor nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
70
Which intrinsic muscle isn’t supplied (motor) by the recurrent laryngeal and what is it supplied by?
Cricothyroid | External laryngeal
71
Sensory innervation to the supraglottic area
Internal laryngeal
72
Sensory innervation to the glottic and subglottic area?
Recurrent laryngeal

Head And Neck Year 2 (10 decks)

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