anatomy and physiology of endocrine system

Question 1

a signal of the endocrine system is?

Answer 1

hormone

Question 2

a hormone is?

Answer 2

molecule which is secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland and effects specific distant target cells possessing the appropriate receptor

Question 3

an endocrine gland is?

Answer 3

ductless gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region

Question 4

a hormone receptor is?

Answer 4

polypeptide that possess a ligand-specific binding site

Question 5

autocrine activity is defined as?

Answer 5

some signaling molecules modify the activity of the cell which secreted them

Question 6

an example of autocrine activity is?

Answer 6

T cell secretes interleukin 2 which binds to receptor on the same T cell to stimulate increased activity

Question 7

hydrophilic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?

Answer 7

peptides and amino acid derivatives

they bind to receptors on cell surface

Question 8

hydrophobic hormones are grouped as? and bind where?

Answer 8

steroid hormones

they bind to receptors in the cellular interior

Question 9

peptide hormones are synthesized into?

Answer 9

rough ER and modified in golgi and stored in vesicles until needed and are released by exocytosis

Question 10

the hydrophilicity of peptide hormones means?

Answer 10

in the bloodstream they dissolve in the plasma membrane and they cannot cross biological membranes thus require to communicate with the interior of the target by a second messenger

Question 11

the two subgroups of peptide hormones are?

Answer 11

polypeptides and amino acid derivatives

Question 12

an example of polypeptide hormones is?

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

insulin is secreted by what and why?

Answer 13

secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose levels

Question 14

an example of amino acid derivative hormone is?

Answer 14

tyrosine which is the parent amino acid for the catecholamines (epinephrine) and thyroid hormones

Question 15

steroid hormones are synthesized from?

Answer 15

cholesterol in the smooth ER

Question 16

the hydrophobicity of steroid hormones means?

Answer 16

they can freely diffuse through biological membranes thus are not stored but made when needed
they cannot dissolve in the plasma thus travel through it via proteins such as albumin

Question 17

steroid hormones exert their effect upon target cells by?

Answer 17

diffusing through plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm
it is then transported into the nucleus where it acts as sequence-specific regulator of transcription

Question 18

steroids regulate?

Answer 18

sexuality, reproduction, and development

water balance and other processes of adrenal cortex

Question 19

tropic hormones ares ones that?

Answer 19

superimpose upon hormonal regulation of physiological endpoints is another layer of regulation
*hormones that secrete hormones

Question 20

example of tropic hormone is ACTH which does?

Answer 20

ATCH role is to stimulate increased activity of the adrenal cortex which is responsible for cortisol

Question 21

what portion of the brain controls the endocrine system?

Answer 21

hypothalamus by releasing tropic hormones called releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

Question 22

example of hypothalamus release is?

Answer 22

secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) which causes the increase of ACTH thus increasing cortisol or vice versa of inhibiting it

Question 23

the hypothalamic-pituitary control axis is?

Answer 23

the hypothalamus exerts its control of the pituitary by secreting hormones into bloodstream

Question 24

the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is controlled by?

Answer 24

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (tropic hormones specifically)

Question 25

the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is?

Answer 25

composed of axons that descend from hypothalamus and function so hypothalamus neurons can send axons down such as neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones into bloodstream

Question 26

example hormone of posterior pituitary are?

Answer 26

ADH which cause water retention in kidneys | oxytocin for milk let down and uterine contractions in labor

Question 27

growth hormone is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 27

peptide hormone anterior pituitary increase bone and muscle growth by increasing cell turnover rate

Question 28

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 28

peptide hormone anterior pituitary target thyroid and increases synthesis and release of thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 29

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 29

peptide hormone anterior pituitary increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

Question 30

luteinizing hormone (LH) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 30

peptide hormone anterior pituitary targets ovary for ovulation targets testes for testosterone synthesis

Question 31

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 31

peptide hormone anterior pituitary targets ovary for follicle development targets testes for spermatogenesis

Question 32

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 32

peptide hormone posterior pituitary targets kidney for water retention

Question 33

oxytocin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 33

peptide hormone posterior pituitary targets breast for milk let down targets uterus for labor contractions

Question 34

thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 34

modified amino acid hormone thyroid targets in child for physical and mental development targets in adults for increase metabolic rate and temperature

Question 35

calcitonin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 35

peptide hormone thyroid targets bones and kidney to lower serum of calcium concentration

Question 36

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 36

peptide hormone parathyroid targets bone, kidney, small intestine to increase serum of calcium concentration

Question 37

thymosin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 37

peptide hormone thymus (children only) T cell development during childhood

Question 38

epinephrine is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 38

modified amino acid hormone adrenal medulla sympathetic stress response (rapid)

Question 39

cortisol is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 39

steroid hormone adrenal cortex long term stress response that increase blood glucose concentration, increase protein catabolism, decrease inflammation and immunity

Question 40

aldosterone is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 40

steroid hormone adrenal cortex targets kidney to increase sodium absorption to increase blood pressure

Question 41

insulin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 41

peptide hormone endocrine pancreas (islets of langerhans) secreted by beta cells to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase glycogen and fat storage

Question 42

glucagon is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 42

peptide hormone endocrine pancreas secreted by alpha cells to increase blood glucose concentration and decrease glycogen and fat storage

Question 43

somatostatin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 43

peptide hormone endocrine pancreas secreted by S cells to inhibit many digestive processes

Question 44

testosterone is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 44

steroid hormone testes male characteristics and spermatogenesis

Question 45

estrogen is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 45

steroid hormone ovaries/placenta female characteristics and endometrial growth

Question 46

progesterone is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 46

steroid hormone ovaries/placenta endometrial secretion and pregnancy

Question 47

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 47

peptide hormone heart targets kidney to increase urination to decrease blood pressure

Question 48

erythropoietin is what type of hormone class? from what gland? and has what target and effect?

Answer 48

peptide hormone kidney targets bone marrow to increase RBC synthesis