anatomy and physiology of nervous system

Question 1

sensory function and motor function is carried out by which nervous system?

Answer 1

peripheral nervous sytsem

Question 2

integrative function (processing) is carried out by which nervous system?

Answer 2

central nervous system

Question 3

motor neurons carry information from what to where?

Answer 3

from the nervous system toward organs that act upon that information, these are effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 4

efferent neurons carry information from what to where?

Answer 4

away from CNS and innervate effectors

Question 5

afferent neurons carry information from what to where?

Answer 5

toward the CNS

Question 6

reflexes are what?

Answer 6

involuntary direct motor response to sensory input which occurs without conscious thought

Question 7

monosynaptic reflex arc involves what?

Answer 7

only two neurons and one synapse

Question 8

reciprocal inhibition involves?

Answer 8

concurrent relaxation of hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps

Question 9

the CNS involves what?

Answer 9

brain and spinal cord

Question 10

the PNS into what two divisions?

Answer 10

somatic and automatic

Question 11

the automatic system is divided into what two divisions?

Answer 11

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 12

the somatic system functions for?

Answer 12

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 13

the autonomic system functions for?

Answer 13

involuntary control of glands, smooth and cardiac muscles

Question 14

the sympathetic system functions as?

Answer 14

fight or flight

Question 15

the parasympathetic system functions as?

Answer 15

rest and digest

Question 16

the PNS involves what anatomical structures?

Answer 16

all other axons, dendrites, and cell bodies

Question 17

ganglia are?

Answer 17

somas located outside the CNS that are found in bunches

Question 18

what are the three subdivisions of the brain?

Answer 18

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon)

Question 19

the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) includes?

Answer 19

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Question 20

medulla functions are?

Answer 20

regulates vitals such as blood pressure and digestive function

Question 21

pons functions are?

Answer 21

coordinates movement, plays a role in balance and antigravity posture

Question 22

cerebellum functions are?

Answer 22

complex movements such as hand eye coordination and balance

regulates vestibular apparatus in the inner ear which monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity

Question 23

the midbrain (mesencephalon) functions are?

Answer 23

relay visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system
as well as arousal and wakefulness

Question 24

the forebrain (prosencephalon) includes what structures?

Answer 24

diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
telencephalon: left and right hemispheres

Question 25

the thalamus functions are?

Answer 25

relay and processes sensory information

Question 26

the hypothalamus functions are?

Answer 26

controlling emotion and autonomic functions | hormone production and release and is primary link between nervous and endocrine system

Question 27

the cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called?

Answer 27

corpus callosum

Question 28

the largest part of the brain is?

Answer 28

cerebrum

Question 29

the hemispheres consists of an outer layer of gray matter called?

Answer 29

cerebral cortex

Question 30

the four lobes of the cerebral cortex are?

Answer 30

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Question 31

the frontal lobe functions to?

Answer 31

initiate all voluntary movements complex reasoning skills problem solving

Question 32

the parietal lobe functions to?

Answer 32

``` general sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration) gustation (taste) ```

Question 33

the temporal lobe functions to?

Answer 33

auditory and olfactory sensation STM language comprehension emotion

Question 34

the occipital lobe functions to?

Answer 34

visual sensation

Question 35

the basal nuclei is located where and function as?

Answer 35

composed of gray matter and located deep within the cerebral hemispheres help with voluntary motor control procedural learning related to habits

Question 36

the basal nuclei is located where and function as?

Answer 36

between the cerebrum and diencephalon includes amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus emotion and memory

Question 37

how many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves are there?

Answer 37

12 cranial | 31 spinal

Question 38

the vagus nerve is an important cranial nerve that?

Answer 38

effect the heart and GI tract to decrease heart rate and increase GI activity

Question 39

all somatic motor neurons have what characteristics?

Answer 39

innervate skeletal muscle cells use ACh have their cell bodies in the brain stem or ventral portion of spinal cord

Question 40

all somatic sensory neurons have what characteristics?

Answer 40

long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma (located outside of CNS in dorsal root ganglion)

Question 41

dorsal root ganglion are?

Answer 41

cell bodies located dorsally to spinal cord for each segment of the spinal cord

Question 42

preganglionic neuron of the autonomic PNS functions as?

Answer 42

cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord | sends an axon to an autonomic ganglion which is outside the spinal column

Question 43

postganglionic neuron of the autonomic PNS functions as?

Answer 43

sends an axon to an effector

Question 44

all autonomic preganglionic and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 44

acetylcholine

Question 45

all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 45

norepinephrine

Question 46

in the sympathetic system (fight/flight): location of preganglionic soma? preganglionic axon neurotransmitter length? ganglia? postganlionic axons?

Answer 46

thoracolumbar short ACh close to cord, far from target long NE

Question 47

``` in the parasympathetic system: location of preganglionic soma? preganglionic axon neurotransmitter length? ganglia? postganlionic axons? ```

Answer 47

craniosacral long ACh far from cord, close to target short ACh

Question 48

the adrenal gland are located above the kidneys and is important for secreting?

Answer 48

glucocorticoids (cortisol) mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) some sex hormones

Question 49

sympathetic system stimulates adrenal gland to release?

Answer 49

epinephrine aka adrenaline