Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs

Question 1

What is the function of respiratory system?

Answer 1

• Gaseous exchange
• Acid-Base balance
• Phonation
• Pulmonary defence mechanism
• Pulmonary metabolism

Question 2

What makes the respiratory system?

Answer 2

• Upper respiratory
• Lower respiratory
• Lateral surface of lungs

Question 3

What components are in the upper respiratory?

Answer 3

• Frontal sinus
• Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae
• Tongue
• Nose
• Sphenoidal sinus
• Internal nares
• Pharynx
• Thyroid bond

Question 4

What components are in the lower respiratory?

Answer 4

• Esophagues
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Bronchioles
• Clavicle
• Ribs
• Diaphragm
• Lungs (right and left)
• Alveoli

Question 5

What are the components in the lateral surface of the lungs?

Answer 5

• Apex
• Superior lobe
• Middle lob
• Inferior lobe
• Horizontal fissure
• Cardiac notch
• Oblique fissure
• base

Question 6

Does the left lung point towards or sit on the heart?

Answer 6

Point towards

Question 7

What is the difference between the right and the left lung?

Answer 7

The left has a cardiac notch and no middle lobe

Question 8

What two functional zones can the airway be split in?

Answer 8

• Conduction zone

- Respiratory zone

Question 9

Describe the conducting zone:

Answer 9

• First 16 generations (i.e. divisions or splits) incapable of gaseous exchange
• No alveolar present

Question 10

Describe the respiratory zone:

Answer 10

• Alveoli present between generation 17-23

- Gaseous exchange

Question 11

What components are in the conducting zone?

Answer 11

• trachea
• Bronchi
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles

Question 12

How many tubes are in the trachea region?

Answer 12

1

Question 13

How many tubes are in the bronchi region?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

How many tubes are in the bronchioles region?

Answer 14

4

Question 15

How many tubes are in the bronchioles region?

Answer 15

8 - 32

Question 16

How many tubes are in the terminal bronchioles region?

Answer 16

6 x 10^4

Question 17

What components are in the respiratory zone?

Answer 17

• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolare duct
• Alveolar sacs

Question 18

How many tubes are in the respiratory bronchioles region?

Answer 18

5 x 10^5

Question 19

How many tubes are in the alveolar sacs region?

Answer 19

8 x 10^6

Question 20

What is involved in muscles of respiration?

Answer 20

• Diaphragm
• Intercostals
• Accessory muscles

Question 21

Describe the diaphragm:

Answer 21

• Most powerful

- 1/3 to 1/2 of tidal volume

Question 22

Out of the diaphragm, intercostals and accessory muscles which is the least powerful??

Answer 22

-Intercostals

Question 23

Where do you fine must accessory muscles?

Answer 23

-Neck muscles

Question 24

When is accessory muscles used?

Answer 24

Extreme distress

Question 25

When is the abdominal wall muscles used?

Answer 25

In forced expiration

Question 26

Are respiratory muscles smooth or skeletal muscles?

Answer 26

Skeletal

Question 27

Are the intercostal muscles between the ribs or not?

Answer 27

Its is

Question 28

What different types of intercostal muscles?

Answer 28

- External intercostal muscles - Internal intercostal muscles - Innermost intercostal muscles

Question 29

What is respiratory air flow determined by?

Answer 29

The pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli

Question 30

What are the two different types of respiratory flows?

Answer 30

- Upstream rise in pressure | - Down stream fall in pressure

Question 31

How is inspiration caused relating to pressure?

Answer 31

``` Atmospheric pressure (ATM) is higher than ATM in lungs -Pressure gradient ```

Question 32

How is expiration caused relating to pressure?

Answer 32

Increase pressure inside lungs than outside | -Pressure gradient

Question 33

What does Patm stand for?

Answer 33

Atmosphere pressure

Question 34

What does Pip stand for?

Answer 34

Intrapleural pressure

Question 35

What does Ptp strand for?

Answer 35

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 36

What does Palv stand for?

Answer 36

Alveolar pressure

Question 37

Why is Pip already negative?

Answer 37

Due to counter recoil of chest wall and alveoli

Question 38

Describe inspiration:

Answer 38

- Inspiratory muscles contract - Pip becomes more negative - Increases difference Palv and Pip which increases Ptp - Increases difference between Palv and Pip - Alveolar volume increases - Palv decreases - Change in pressure between atm and all

Question 39

What is important to remember about Ptp?

Answer 39

The larger the Ptp the greater the alveolar wall distension

Question 40

Describe expiration:

Answer 40

- Inspiratory muscles relax - Pip becomes less negative - Decreases difference between Palv and Pip which decreases Ptp - Alveolar volume decreases - Palv increases - Change between all and atm

Question 41

What happens if Ptp is smaller?

Answer 41

The alveolar walls recoils

Question 42

What is alveolar interdependence?

Answer 42

Outer alveoli are affected by the change in the intrapleural pressure which affects the next alveoli and so on until inner depths of lungs

Question 43

Increasing space without changing the inside volume will decrease the pressure What law does this represent?

Answer 43

Boyles' Law

Question 44

What is intraplueral space?

Answer 44

- Fluid - Allows lubrication due to two moving parts - Water tension (the riser pleura will follow the parietal pleura when it moves)

Question 45

What is the pneumothorax?

Answer 45

When air gets into the space between the outside of your lung and the inside of your chest wall, your ribcage.

Question 46

How can pneumothorax happen?

Answer 46

Pleural seal broken wither by: -Inwards through the lung tissue OR -Outwards through the chest wall

Question 47

What happens if you have pneumothorax?

Answer 47

- Negative pressure cannot not be generated - ventilation ineffective - Lungs collapse due to unopposed elastic recoil of alveoli

Question 48

What are the two factors need to overcome for work of breathing?

Answer 48

- Resistance | - Compliance

Question 49

How is resistance relevant to work of breathing?

Answer 49

- Resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration - Affected by diameter of airway

Question 50

How is compliance relevant to work of breathing?

Answer 50

-Measures of the lungs ability to stretch and expand

Question 51

What is dispensability of elastic tissue?

Answer 51

Measures of the lungs ability to stretch and expand

Question 52

What happens to breathing with increase resistance?

Answer 52

- Obstructive diseases - Airway narrowing (e.g asthma) - Increasing respiratory rate

Question 53

Why are children at a greater risk of resistance?

Answer 53

- Smaller airways | - Higher resting respiratory rates

Question 54

What happens to breathing with decrease compliance?

Answer 54

- Restrictive disease - Affects expandability of lungs (and chest wall) - Value varies as lungs inflates

Question 55

Is fibrosis the caused by high compliance or low compliance?

Answer 55

Low compliance

Question 56

Is emphysema the caused by high compliance or low compliance?

Answer 56

High compliance

Question 57

Does compliance or resistance lead to restrictive diseases?

Answer 57

Compliance

Question 58

Does compliance or resistance lead to obstructive diseases?

Answer 58

Resistance