Anatomy and physiology of the nose

Question 1

Name the parts of the nose.

Answer 1

1. root of nose
2. dorsum
3. supra-tip
4. tip
5. columellar
6. alar crease
7. naso-labial fold
8. philtrum
9. nares
10. alar margin

Question 2

In surgery of the nose, what is it important to maintain?

Answer 2

allignment with the philtrum and columellar.

Question 3

the ______ is behind the septum.

Answer 3

Choanae.

Question 4

What is the septum made up of?

Answer 4

1. Quadrangular cartilage
2. maxillary crest
3. vomer
4. perpendicular plate of ethmoid
5. nasal bones

Question 5

What is the role of the septum?

Answer 5

To divide the nasal cavity.

Question 6

Apart from the choanae and septum what other things are found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Turbinates

Meati

Question 7

What is the role of the turbinates?

Answer 7

To heat and humidify the air through the nose.

Question 8

Name the turbinates.

Answer 8

• inferior
• middle
• superior

Question 9

What is a nasal meatus?

Answer 9

A nasal meatus is a nasal passage of the nasal cavity.

Question 10

Name the meati.

Answer 10

• superior meatus
• middle meatus
• inferior meatus

Question 11

What is the role of the meati?

Answer 11

the sinuses drain into the meati sinuses e.g. maxillary into middle meatus.

Question 12

Name the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses.

Answer 12

Maxillary
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid

Question 13

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

Answer 13

Under the eyes (orbit and oral cavity).

Question 14

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

Answer 14

Above the eyes (orbit and Ant. Fossa).

Question 15

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

Answer 15

Between the eyes (orbit and cribiform plate)

Question 16

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located?

Answer 16

Behind the eyes (pituitary and optic nerve)

Question 17

What is the surface of the nose lined with?

Answer 17

• respiratory epithelium
• mucoperiosteum (covers bone)
• mucoperiochondrium (covers cartilage)

Question 18

Where does the nasopharynx start and end?

Answer 18

starts- posterior of choana

ends- level of soft palate

Question 19

Name the contents of the nsaopharynx.

Answer 19

Adenoids

Eustachian tube meatus

Question 20

If removed, what can help a person hear better?

Answer 20

Adenoids.

Question 21

All angles of the nose are ______ inspected.

Answer 21

Externally.

Question 22

How is the nose internally examined?

Answer 22

Through a rigid/ flexible nasendoscopy.

Question 23

______ is so that we can feel that the cartilage isn’t strong or if there is a build up of _____.

Answer 23

Palpation, fluid

Question 24

What would parts are palpated?

Answer 24

External nose and neck.

Question 25

What do large adenoids do?

Answer 25

They obstruct the nasal cavity, making it difficult for them to breathe through their nose.

Question 26

What are the adenoids close to?

Answer 26

The eustachian tube.

Question 27

If adenoids are large and problematic, what is done?

Answer 27

They are removed.

Question 28

Adenoid removal is commonly seen in _____.

Answer 28

Kids.

Question 29

What is the most common diagnosis causing a nasal obstruction?

Answer 29

Nasal Polyps.

Question 30

What is a nasal polyps?

Answer 30

swelling of the normal nasal lining inside the nasal passages and sinuses .

Question 31

If nasal polyps block your sinuses, what may this lead to?

Answer 31

a build-up of fluid that may become infected (sinusitis).

Question 32

What can be done to treat polyps?

Answer 32

Steroid spray | Surgery to remove them.

Question 33

Name some symptoms of nasal polyps.

Answer 33

a blocked nose, which can make it difficult to breathe through your nose a runny nose mucus that drips from the back of your nose down your throat (post-nasal drip) a reduced sense of smell or taste a feeling of fullness or pressure in the face snoring obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

Question 34

If swelling of the nasal lining isn't uniform, what may this indicate?

Answer 34

Cancer.

Question 35

Name some common problems involving the nose.

Answer 35

- foreign body (toy stuck) - mucosal congestion - polyps - infection - deviated septum - tumour - nasopharyngeal obstruction e.g. adenoids/tumours.

Question 36

What are the functions of the nose?

Answer 36

- Airway (respiratory function)- primary external opening for respiration - Warming - Humidification - Filtering (hairs and mucus lining) - Smell/taste - resonance (how air vibrates and we hear our own voice)

Question 37

What does DNS stand for?

Answer 37

Deviated Nasal Septum.

Question 38

What is rhinitis?

Answer 38

Inflammation of inside of the nose.

Question 39

What 3 things can obstruct the nasal cavity?

Answer 39

Polyps Tumours Adenoids

Question 40

Who may often have a ciliary disorder?

Answer 40

Patients with cystic fibrosis.

Question 41

Name 4 conditions affecting smell and taste disturbance.

Answer 41

- Anosmia - Aguesia - Hyposmia - Hypogeusia

Question 42

Name this: | Can't smell anymore.

Answer 42

Anosmia

Question 43

Name this: | Can't taste anymore.

Answer 43

Aguesia

Question 44

Name this: | Reduced smell.

Answer 44

Hyposmia

Question 45

Name this: | reduced taste.

Answer 45

Hypoguesia.

Question 46

What does a ciliary disorder mean for people with cystic fibrosis?

Answer 46

They can't effectively get rid of respiratory mucous which can lead to infections etc.

Question 47

What is a nasal allergen? give an example.

Answer 47

An inhaled substance causing an allergy. Pollen/ dust etc.

Question 48

What is an allergy an example of?

Answer 48

Hypersensitivity.

Question 49

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 49

An undesirable reaction produced by the normal immune system.

Question 50

What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis?

Answer 50

type 1- immediate hypersensitivity reaction (release of histamine etc.)

Question 51

What is allergic rhinitis?

Answer 51

Inflammation of inside of nose due to allergy.

Question 52

What is allergic rhinitis caused by commonly?

Answer 52

- asthma - polyps - hayfever

Question 53

What are the signs/symptoms of allergic rhinnorhea?

Answer 53

- Nasal Congestion (blocked nose) - Rhinnorhea (runny nose) - Sneezing (10/12 times per episode) - watery eyes - seasonal e.g. hayfever - trigger factor e.g. pollen - associated with asthma

Question 54

What is the treatment for allergic rhinitis?

Answer 54

- Antihistamines - Topical steroids - Short Term decongestants (no more than 1 week)

Question 55

Name the fancy word for nose bleeds?

Answer 55

Epistaxis.

Question 56

Name the causes of epistaxis.

Answer 56

- Traumatic (nose picking, sport) - Spontaneous - Secondary to blood thinners (aspirin) - Secondary to coagulation disorders (genetic disease)

Question 57

Epistaxsis is very ______.

Answer 57

Common.

Question 58

Most of the time, what happens with epistaxsis?

Answer 58

The bleeding stops by itself.

Question 59

Why is the nose such a common bleeding point?

Answer 59

- Branches from internal and external carotid arteries supple the nose - usually "littles area" at front of nasal septum (4 different arteries here- small and fragile)

Question 60

How is epistaxsis treated?

Answer 60

Firstly, First Aid- pressure on nose and ice pack, pinch soft part for 10-15 mins, head forward to stop swallowing blood (and vomiting etc.)

Question 61

If nose bleeding isn't stopping what can be done?

Answer 61

- go to hospital - inspect nose - stop blood thinners/ reverse coagulation problems - Vasoconstriction (narrow blood vessels using topical application of adrenaline) - Cautery (stop bleeding) - Merocell packing, nasopore etc. (clot blood) - Vessel ligation surgery (tie off blood vessel)