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Remote EMT class > Anatomy and physiology terms > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology terms Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane (Median plane)

A

cuts the anatomical position in half vertically, dividing the body and organs in left and right.

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2
Q

Parasagittal plane:

A

cuts the anatomical postion into a left and right, shifter off center. (paralell to Sagittal plane)

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3
Q

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

A

splits the anatomical position into a front and back

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4
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the anatomical position into top and bottom

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5
Q

Axial parts

A

Head, Neck, Trunk

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6
Q

Appendicular parts

A

Arms, Legs

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7
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Front of the body or the direction towards the front of the body

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8
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back of the body or the direction towards the back of the body

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9
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

features towards the top of the body

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10
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

features towards the bottom of the body

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11
Q

Medial Structures

A

structures towards the midline

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12
Q

Lateral structures

A

Structures further away from the midline

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13
Q

Midline

A

a centered line running down the axis (middle) of the body

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14
Q

Proximal

A

a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

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15
Q

Distal

A

a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

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16
Q

Superficial

A

closer to the surface of the skin

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17
Q

deep

A

furthest from the surface of the skin

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18
Q

Flexion

A

the bending of a joint

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19
Q

Extention

A

the straightening of a joint

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20
Q

adduction

A

the motion towards the midline

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21
Q

abduction

A

the motion away from the midline

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22
Q

prone position

A

face down

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23
Q

supine position

A

face up, on your back

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24
Q

shock position

A

face up, on your back with feet elevated

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25
Q

Fowler position

A

sitting up with bent knees

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26
Q

recovery position

A

laying down on the side

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27
Q

frons

A

forehead

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28
Q

cranium

A

skull

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29
Q

facies

A

face

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30
Q

oris

A

mouth

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31
Q

mentis

A

chin

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32
Q

axilla

A

armpit

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33
Q

brachium

A

arm

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34
Q

antecubitis

A

front of elbow

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35
Q

antebrachium

A

forearm

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36
Q

carpus

A

wrist

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37
Q

pollex

A

thumb

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38
Q

palma

A

palm

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39
Q

digits (phalanges)

A

fingers or toes

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40
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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41
Q

crus

A

lower leg

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42
Q

tarsus

A

ankle

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43
Q

hallux

A

big toe

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44
Q

oculus

A

eye

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45
Q

bucca

A

cheek

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46
Q

auris

A

ear

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47
Q

nasus

A

nose

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48
Q

cervicis

A

neck

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49
Q

thorcis or thorax

A

chest

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50
Q

mamma

A

breast

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51
Q

abdomen

A

abdomen

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52
Q

umbilicus

A

naval

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53
Q

hip

A

hip

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54
Q

pelvis

A

pelvis

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55
Q

inguen or groin

A

groin

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56
Q

pubis

A

pubic

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57
Q

femur

A

thigh

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58
Q

pes

A

foot

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59
Q

cephalon

A

back of the head

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60
Q

shoulder

A

shoulder

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61
Q

dorsum

A

back

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62
Q

olecranon

A

back of the elbow

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63
Q

limbus

A

lumbar region

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64
Q

sacrum

A

back of the hip

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65
Q

manus

A

hand

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66
Q

gluteus

A

buttock

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67
Q

popliteus

A

back of the knee

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68
Q

sura

A

calf

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69
Q

calcaneus

A

heel

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70
Q

planta

A

sole of the foot

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71
Q

what do ligaments connect to

A

ligaments connect bones to bones

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72
Q

what do tendons connect to

A

tendons connect muscle to bones

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73
Q

what is cartilage

A

a flexible material found in joints

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74
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A

opening at the base of the skull to connect the brain to the spinal cord

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75
Q

what is the Occiput

A

posterior (back) cranium

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76
Q

what is the temporal region

A

the lateral portion of the cranium (os temporal)

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77
Q

Latin name for cheekbones

A

os zygomaticum

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78
Q

Latin name for the lower jaw

A

mandible

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79
Q

what is the orbit

A

the eye socket

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80
Q

what bones is the orbit made up of

A

os Zygomaticum, maxilla, os frontale

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81
Q

how many vertebrae

A

33

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82
Q

how many sections is the spinal cord divided into

A

5 sections

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83
Q

what is the neck portion of the vertebrae called

A

cervical vertebrae

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84
Q

what is the upper back portion of the vertebrae called

A

thoracic vertebrae

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85
Q

what is the lower back portion of the vertebrae called

A

lumbar vertebrae

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86
Q

what is the back wall of the pelvis called

A

sacrum vertebrae

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87
Q

what is the tailbone called

A

coccyx

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88
Q

how many vertebrae in the neck

A

7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

89
Q

how many vertebrae are in the upper back

A

12 vertebrae (T1-T12)

90
Q

how many vertebrae are in the lower back

A

5 vertebrae (L1-15)

91
Q

how many vertebrae are in the pelvis

A

5 vertebrae (S1-S5)

92
Q

how many vertebrae are in the tailbone

A

4 vertebrae (Co1-Co4)

93
Q

how many pairs of ribs does the body have

A

12 pairs

94
Q

what is the part called where the clavicle and sternum meet

A

jugular notch

95
Q

what is the top of the sternum called

A

manubrium

96
Q

what is the body of the sternum called

A

the body

97
Q

what is the lowest part of the sternum called

A

Xiphoid process

98
Q

what is the joint called connecting the sternum and clavicle

A

sternoclavicular joint

99
Q

what is the joint called connecting the clavicle and scapula

A

acromioclavicular joint

100
Q

what is the joint called connecting the scapula and humerus

A

glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

101
Q

what are the carpal bones

A

8 bones connecting the ulna/radius to the hand

102
Q

what are the metacarpals

A

5 longer bones in the palm of the hand

103
Q

what are the phalanges

A

14 finger bones

104
Q

how many phalanges in the fingers

A

3

105
Q

how many phalanges in the thumb

A

2

106
Q

what is the joint called connecting both right and left pubis

A

pubic symphysis

107
Q

how many bones does the pelvis consist of

A

3 (the ilium, ischium, and pubis)

108
Q

what is the greater and lesser trochanter

A

attachment points for major muscles of the thigh connected to the femur

109
Q

Femur

A

upper leg bone

110
Q

patella

A

kneecap

111
Q

tibia

A

shin bone

112
Q

fibula

A

calf bone

113
Q

how many tarsal bones in the boot

A

7

114
Q

what are the 2 largest tarsal bones

A

calcaneus (heel) and tallus (most superior bone of the foot)

115
Q

how many metatarsal bones in one foot

A

5

116
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system

A
  • give the body its shape
  • protects fragile organs
  • allows for movement
  • stores calcium
  • helps create blood cells
117
Q

how many muscles are connected directly to bone

A

more than 600

118
Q

what are muscles called that are connected to the bone

A

voluntary (skeletal) muscles

119
Q

how are muscles connected to the bone

A

via tendons

120
Q

skeletal muscles are under the direct control of the…

A

brain

121
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A
  • skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
122
Q

what is involuntary muscle movement

A

muscle movement not under conscious control (heartbeat, shivering, digesting)

123
Q

what is a by-product of the movement

A

heat (from muscles)

124
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

the flap preventing from food entering the lungs

125
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voicebox (adams apple)

126
Q

what divides the upper and lower portions of the airway

A

the larynx

127
Q

where is the cricoid cartilage

A

the lowest part of the larynx

128
Q

other name for the trachea

A

windpipe

129
Q

what is the carina

A

separating the openings of the left and right lung

130
Q

how are lungs held in place

A

by the trachea, arteries, and veins, and pulmonary ligaments

131
Q

which lung has 3 lobes

A

the right lung (superior, middle, inferior)

132
Q

which lung has 2 lobes

A

the left lung (superior, inferior)

133
Q

what are the air sacs called in the lung?

A

alveoli

134
Q

what is the role of the alveoli

A

alveoli allow for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

135
Q

what is the pleura

A

a smooth, glistening tissue covering the lungs

136
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

the primary breathing muscle

137
Q

what is the cavity called where the lungs, diaphragm, and heart reside

A

thoracic cavity

138
Q

what is the cavity called where all digestive organs reside in

A

the abdomen

139
Q

describe how we inhale

A

during inhalation the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs up and out enlarging the chest cavity. decreasing the pressure in the lungs and moving air in.

140
Q

describe how we exhale

A

during exhalation the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the chest cavity. increasing the pressure and moving air out

141
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A

provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

142
Q

what is respiration

A

the gas exchange in the lungs; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and the tissues of the body

143
Q

what is ventilation

A

the act of breathing

144
Q

what is diffusion

A

the passive process in which ‘oxygen’ molecules move from an area with a higher concentration of ‘oxygen’ molecules to an area with a lower concentration of ‘oxygen’ molecules *can be any kind of molecule

145
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved into or out of lungs in a single breath

146
Q

what is residual volume

A

the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and keeps them open after exhalation

147
Q

what is minute volume

A

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in a minute, minus the dead space

148
Q

what is dead space

A

a portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and therefore no to little exchange of gas between blood and air

149
Q

what is the formula for minute volume

A

respiratory rate (breaths per minute) X tidal volume = minute volume

150
Q

what is the circulatory system made up of (5 vessel types)

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
151
Q

what is the systemic circulation

A

provides circulation and oxygenation to the body, it carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium (blood flow through the body)

152
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

carries oxygen-poor through the right ventricle through the lungs back to the left atrium

153
Q

what is the upper chamber of the heart called

A

atrium

154
Q

what is the lower chamber of the heart called

A

ventricle

155
Q

what is the dividing wall separating the right and left sides of the heart

A

septum

156
Q

what is the specialized cardiac muscle in the heart called

A

myocardium

157
Q

from what the main artery does the heart receive its blood

A

aorta

158
Q

what side of the heart receives the blood

A

the right side

159
Q

what side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs

A

left side (receiving from pulmonary veins)

160
Q

where does the vena cava receive its blood from

A

deoxygenated blood from the body

161
Q

how much blood is in the human body

A

5-6 liters of blood

162
Q

in how much time has the blood circulated the body once

A

1 minute

163
Q

what is depolarization

A

the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from positive TO NEGATIVE

164
Q

what is repolarization

A

the electrical charge on the surface of the muscle cell changes from negative TO positive (its resting state)

165
Q

how does the electrical impulse travel in the heart

A

the impulse starts high in both atriums at the SA node. the pulse travels to the atrial ventricular node, and through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles

166
Q

what is the SA node

A

sinoatrial node; the beginning point of the electrical impulse of the heart

167
Q

when does the electrical system become disturbed

A

if a part of the heart becomes oxygen deficient, gets injured, or dies

168
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

carry blood AWAY from the heart to all body tissue

169
Q

which artery carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body

A

the aorta

170
Q

where does the aorta branch off into the iliac arteries

A

at the level of the umbilicus

171
Q

what do arteries branch into

A

arterioles

172
Q

what do arterioles branch into

A

capillaries

173
Q

where is the carotid artery

A

the major artery of the neck, supplying the head and brain with blood

174
Q

where is the femoral artery

A

major artery in the thigh, supplying the lower extremities with blood

175
Q

where is the brachial artery

A

a major artery in the upper arm, supplying blood to the arm

176
Q

where is the brachial artery

A

a major artery of the lower arm

177
Q

where is the popliteal artery

A

artery posterior to the patella

178
Q

where is the post-tibial artery

A

left side of the calf muscle

179
Q

where is the fibular artery

A

the right side of the calf muscle

180
Q

what do capillaries branch into

A

venules

181
Q

what is the physiology of venules

A

to make contact between blood and the cells within the tissue.

182
Q

what do veins do

A

return deoxygenated blood to the heart

183
Q

where does the superior vena cava receive blood from

A

the superior vena cava receives blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities.

184
Q

where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from

A

The inferior vena cava receives blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.

185
Q

where do both vena cava join

A

both vena cava join and connect at the right atrium

186
Q

in what quadrant is the spleen located

A

Left Upper Quadrant (LUC) under the ribcage

187
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filtering blood

188
Q

what kind of injury is the spleen susceptible to

A

blunt force trauma, possibly leading to severe internal bleeding

189
Q

what are the 4 components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
189
Q

is the spleen solid or hollow

A

solid

190
Q

what is the medical term for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

191
Q

what are red blood cells

A

red blood cells contain hemoglobin, giving it its red color, it carries oxygen

191
Q

what is the term for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

191
Q

what is plasma

A

plasma is the liquid portion of the blood, carrying water

192
Q

what are white blood cells

A

white blood cells play a role in the body’s immune system to fight infection

193
Q

what are platelets

A

essential building block for the initial formation of a blood clot

194
Q

how is blood pressure defined

A

the pressure blood exerts against the arterial wall

195
Q

what is the process called systole

A

systole is when the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta

196
Q

what is the process of diastole

A

when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood

197
Q

what is the systolic blood pressure

A

the highest point of the wave (contraction of the heart)

198
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure

A

the low point of the wave (relaxation of the heart)

199
Q

medical term blood pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

200
Q

what are the 6 functions of blood

A
  • fighting infection
  • transporting oxygen
  • transporting carbon dioxide
  • controlling pH
  • transporting waste and nutrients
  • clotting (coagulation)
201
Q

the medical term for clotting

A

coagulation

202
Q

medical term for shock

A

hypoperfusion

203
Q

how does the body make adjustments to small blood loss

A

vessels will constrict and the heart will pump faster

204
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

the fight or flight response

205
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system trigger the fight or flight response

A

by sending commands to the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

206
Q

what effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart and blood vessels

A

blood pressure increases and the heart pumps faster and harder

207
Q

on which receptor does epinephrine have a stronger effect

A

beta receptors

208
Q

where are beta receptors located

A

heart, lungs, skeletal muscle

209
Q

on which receptor does norepinephrine have a stronger effect

A

alpha receptors

210
Q

what happens when alpha receptors are activated

A

the arteries constrict the blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

211
Q

what happens when beta receptors are activated

A

increased heart rate, fast breathing, elevated blood sugar levels, and increased physical strength.

212
Q

what is the popular name for epinephrine

A

adrenaline

213
Q

what is the popular name for norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline

214
Q

what is the parasympathetic responsible for

A

the rest and digest response

215
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system made up of

A

the brain and spinal cord

216
Q
A

Remote EMT class (6 decks)

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