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Z Medicine Term 1 > Anatomy - Back, Lymphatics and Nerves cont. > Flashcards

Anatomy - Back, Lymphatics and Nerves cont. Flashcards

1
Q

location of lamina on vertebra

A

between spinous and transverse processes

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2
Q

location of pedicle on lamina

A

between vertebral body and articular facet

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3
Q

label this vertebra

A
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4
Q

intervertebral notch/foramen

A

gap between two vertebrae where spinal nerves pass through

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5
Q

type of joint between vertebral bodies

A

secondary cartilagenous/

fibrocartilagenous/ synphysis joint

(the intervertebral disk forms the fibrous cartilage part of the joint)

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6
Q

type of joints between articular facets of ajacent vertebrae

A

synovial plane

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7
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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8
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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9
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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10
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

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11
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

4

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12
Q

name given to C1

A

altals

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13
Q

name given to C2

A

Axis

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14
Q

name given to C7

A

vertebra prominens

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15
Q

describe a cervical vertebra

A

very small transverse process,

small body

split spinous process

large vertebral cannal

foramen for vertebral artery and veins to pass through

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16
Q

describe a thoracic vertebra

A

long transverse processes

downward pointing spinous process

medium body

small/low articular facets

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17
Q

describe a lumbar vertebra

A

short transverse processes

large body

long spinous process

high articular facets

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18
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc

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19
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

inner gel like centre of the intervertebral disc

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20
Q

“slipped disk”

A

the nucleus pulposus herniates (protrudes) through the annulus fibrosis. can be serious of it herniates posterolaterally and compresses an emerging spinal nerve.

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21
Q

ligamenta flava

(singular. ligamentum flavum)

A

connect adjacent vertebral laminae from C2 to S1

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22
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

runs down the anterior surface of the spine.

crosses all the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.

prevents hyperextension

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23
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies (inside the vertebral canal)

from C2 - S1

prevents extreme flexion

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24
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to S1

limits hyperflexion of the vertebral column

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25
Q

intraspinous ligament

A

connect adjacent spinous processes

meet the ligamenta flava in front and blend with the supraspinous ligament behind

prevent hyperflexion

weaker than the supraspinous ligaments

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26
Q

lordoses

A

convex curves (facing a person)

cervical and lumbar lordoses

formed after birth

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27
Q

kyphoses

A

concave curves (facing a person)

thoracic and sacral lordoses

exist in the foetus

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28
Q

excessive lordosis

A

exagerated lumbar lordose

(normal in pregnancy)

29
Q

excessive kyphosis

A

exagerated thoracic kyphose

(common in the elderly)

30
Q

scoliosis

A

an S or C shaped sideways curve

(common in adolescents)

31
Q

movement of cervical vertebrae

A

in the horizontal/transverse plane

permits mostly flexion and extension, some lateral flexion and rotation

32
Q

movement of the thoracic vertebrae

A

in the frontal/coronal plane

permits rotation and lateral flexion

33
Q

movement of the lumbar vertebrae

A

in the sagittal plane

permits flexion and (mostly) extension

34
Q

position of the errector spinae muscles

A

between the vertebral transverse and spinous processes

35
Q

lumbar puncture position

A

between L3+4 in an adult (spinal cord ends at L1)

between L4+5 in a child (spinal cord ends at L3 in babies)

36
Q

lymph

A

a plasma filtrate which has leaked from capillary beds due to high hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

the lymphatic system

A

returns lymph to the circulatory system.

Important in immunity and cancer metastasis

every organ has lymphatic drainage apart from cartilage, the eyes, inner ear, brain and spinal cord.

38
Q

locations of major groups of lymph nodes

A
  1. axillary (armpit)
  2. superficial and deep inguinal (lower sides of abdomen)
  3. pectoral (around pectoralis major)
  4. tracheobronchial (where trachea splits)
  5. lumbar and pelvic (around root of arteries in abdomen and pelvis)
  6. superficial and deep cervical (neck)
39
Q

structure of a lymph node

A
40
Q

function of a lymph node

A

lymph filtration and immune surveillance

41
Q

sentinel node

A

the first lymph node draining a cancer

42
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

carry lymph from lymph nodes to the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.

these ducts then carry the lymph back to the venous circulation.

43
Q

azygos vein

A

a vein that runs up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column and then drains into the superior vena cava

44
Q

thoracic duct

A

located on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the aorta

crosses from the right to the left side of the vertebral bodies at T4

drains into the blood stream at the medial end of the left subclavian vein

45
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains the right upper quadrant of the body into the internal jugular vein

46
Q

medial end of the left subclavian vein

A

where the lymph drains from the thoracic duct into the venous circulatory system

47
Q

cisterna chyli

A

the begining of the thoracic duct

located on the anterior side of the vertebral bodies for L1-2

collects fally chyle from the intestines

48
Q

occipital bone

A

where the spinal cord begins

49
Q

conus medullaris

A

the tapered lower end of the spinal cord

spinal nerves that form the cauda equina emerge from it

50
Q

filum terminale

A

a fibrous extension at the end of the spinal cord

extends from the apex of the conus medularis to the fist secment of the coccyx

51
Q

cauda equina

(horse tail)

A

a bundle of sminal nerves from L2 to Cc1 which arise from the lumbar enlargement and conus medularis

the nerves that emerge innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs

52
Q

cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

result fromenlargement of the grey matter necessary to supply the limbs

53
Q

primary function of the meninges

A

to protect and cushion the central nervous system

54
Q

the meninges

(outside to inside)

A

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

55
Q

dura mater/ dural sac and arachnoid mater descend to…

A

S2

56
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

contains cerebrospinal fluid

57
Q

spinal epidural space

A

between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

58
Q

subdural space

A

between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater

59
Q

vertebral venous plexus

A

drains the vertebrae and the spinal cord.

found in the fatty tissue between the dura matter and the vertebrae (the epidural space)

60
Q

location of lateral horn cells

A

T1 - L2

61
Q

sympathetic trunk / chain

A

a vertical chain of interconnected ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)

extends from C1 - S5

62
Q

ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies

63
Q

“thoracic” splanchic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that run right through the sympathetic chainand synapse in a prevertebral ganglion in the abdomen.

emerge anteromedially from the sympathetic chain, run parallel to the sympthetic chain

64
Q

white rami communicantes

A

carry sympathetic fibres from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic ganglion

myelinated

65
Q

grey rami communicantes

A

carry sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic ganglion back to the ventral ramus.

unmyelinated

66
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibres

A

carried in some cranial nerves and in spinal nerves S2-4

arise in lateral horn cells in the conus medullaris, descend in the cauda equina and emerge between vertebral levels S2-4

67
Q

inferior hypogastric/ pelvic plexus

A

a plexus of mixed autonomic axons on either side of the rectum

68
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

parasympathetic nerves that originate from S2-4 and supply the pelvic and lover abdominal organs

(distal colon, rectum, bladder, genital organs)

They synapse in parasympathetic ganglia located within the walls of the target organs

Z Medicine Term 1 (8 decks)

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