Anatomy - Intro, bones and joints

Question 1

proximal

Answer 1

nearer to trunk/point of origin

Question 2

distal

Answer 2

farther from trunk/point of origin

Question 3

superficial

Answer 3

nearer to surface / on surface

Question 4

deep

Answer 4

farther from surface

Question 5

pamar

Answer 5

nearer to / on palm of hand

Question 6

plantar

Answer 6

nearer to / on sole of foot

Question 7

cranial/rostral

Answer 7

nearer to head

Question 8

caudal

Answer 8

nearer to feet

Question 9

ipsilateral

Answer 9

on the same side of the body

Question 10

contralateral

Answer 10

on opposite sides of the body

Question 11

midclavicular line

Answer 11

the sagittal plane through the midpoint of the clavicle

Question 12

ventral body cavity

Answer 12

consists of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 13

dorsal body cavity

Answer 13

consists of the vertebral and cranial cavities

Question 14

vertebral level of the sternal angle (sternomanubrial joint)

Answer 14

T4/5

Question 15

vertebral level of the summit of the iliac crest

Answer 15

L4

Question 16

transverse plane through L4

Answer 16

intercristal plane

Question 17

vertebral level of the xiphisternal joint (inferior part of sternum)

Answer 17

T9

Question 18

bones of the upper limb girdle

Answer 18

scapula and clavicle

Question 19

bones of the lower limb girdle

Answer 19

ilium, pubis, ischium

Question 20

function of compact bone

Answer 20

provides strength for weight bearing

Question 21

function of trabecular (spongy) bone

Answer 21

spicules (gaps) contain blood vessels which carry nutrients and bone marrow which produces blood cells

Question 22

periosteum

Answer 22

membrane covering outside of compact bone, delivers blood and nutrients to the bone

Question 23

endosteum

Answer 23

membrane covering inside of compact bone

Question 24

appositional bone growth

Answer 24

increase in width, new bone is added from the periosteum onto the existing bone

Question 25

interstitial bone growth

Answer 25

increase in length by cell division in the epiphysial growth plate

Question 26

function of a sesamoid bone

Answer 26

protects tendons from excessive wear

Question 27

function of ligaments

Answer 27

stabilise joints

Question 28

intramembranous ossification

Answer 28

ossification withing the embryological connective tissue membrane, forms flat bones of the skull, face, jaw and centre of the clavicle

Question 29

endochondral ossification

Answer 29

an initial hyaline cartilage model of the bone becomes replaced by bone, forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones

Question 30

primary cartilaginous (synchrondosis) joint structure

Answer 30

bone - hyaline cartilage - bone

Question 31

secondary cartilagenous (symphysis) joint structure

Answer 31

bone - hyaline cartilage - fibrous cartilage - hyaline cartilage - bone

Question 32

x-ray, best at imaging

Answer 32

bone

Question 33

barium studies, best at imaging

Answer 33

organs

Question 34

CT, best at imaging

Answer 34

tissue

Question 35

ultrasound, best at imaging

Answer 35

soft tissue

Question 36

MRI, best at imaging

Answer 36

water

Question 37

anatomical variation

Answer 37

difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disease

Question 38

anatomical anomaly

Answer 38

marked deviation from the average, often a congenital defect

Question 39

condyle

Answer 39

rounded area at the end of a bone for articulation with another bone

Question 40

crest

Answer 40

prominent ridge of a bone, e.g. iliac crest

Question 41

epicondyle

Answer 41

rounded projection superior to the condyle where ligaments and tendons attach

Question 42

facet

Answer 42

a smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage where a bone articulates with another bone. e.g. articular facets of a vertebra

Question 43

foramen

Answer 43

passage through a bone, through which nerves and blood vessels pass

Question 44

fossa

Answer 44

shallow/depressed area in a bone

Question 45

line/linea

Answer 45

low linear elevation

Question 46

malleolus

Answer 46

rounded prominence, e.g. on either side of the ankle from the tibia and fibula

Question 47

notch

Answer 47

indentation at the edge of a bone

Question 48

process

Answer 48

a projecting, spine-like part. e.g the spinous process of a vertebra

Question 49

Protuberance

Answer 49

a projection of bone

Question 50

spine

Answer 50

thorn-like process, e.g. spine of the scapula

Question 51

tubercle

Answer 51

small raised eminence for attachment of a tendon

Question 52

tuberosity

Answer 52

a large rounded elevation where a muscle or tendon is attached

Question 53

long bones

Answer 53

tubular structures, e.g. humerus, phalanges

Question 54

short bones

Answer 54

cuboidal, only found in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus)

Question 55

flat bones

Answer 55

usually serve protective functions e.g. cranium

Question 56

irregular bones

Answer 56

have shapes other than long, short and flat. e.g bones in the face.

Question 57

functions of the skeleton

Answer 57

``` protection support mechanical basis for movement storage for salts a continuous supply of new blood cells ```

Question 58

types of fibrous joints

Answer 58

suture - e.g. in skull gomphosis - e.g. between tooth and alveolar process syndesmosis - e.g. between radius and ulna -articulating joints are joined by fibrous tissue

Question 59

synovial pivot joint

Answer 59

a rounded process fits into a bony ligamentous socket, e.g. the atlanto-axial joint -uniaxial

Question 60

synovial ball and socket joint

Answer 60

a rounded head fits into a concavity, e.g. hip joint | -multiaxial

Question 61

synovial condyloid joint

Answer 61

permits flexion+extension, abduction+adduction and circumduction e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint (first knuckle) -biaxial

Question 62

synovial saddle joint

Answer 62

saddle shaped heads permit movement in two planes, e.g. carpometacarpal joint (first thumb joint) -biaxial

Question 63

synovial hinge joint

Answer 63

permits flexion and extension only e.g radio-ulnar joint (elbow) -uniaxial

Question 64

synovial plane joint

Answer 64

permit gliding or sliding movements, e.g. acromioclavicular joint (btw clavicle and scapula) -usually uniaxial

Question 65

dorsiflexion

Answer 65

flex toes to sky

Question 66

plantar flexion

Answer 66

point toes to floor

Question 67

opposition of thumb

Answer 67

bring thumb to touch pinky finger (keeping thumb straight)

Question 68

reposition of thumb

Answer 68

bring thumb away from pinky finger (keeping thumb straight)

Question 69

red bone marrow

Answer 69

produces RBCs, most WBCs and platelets. all bone marrow is red at birth, found in flat bones and in the trabecular bone in long bones.

Question 70

yellow bone marrow

Answer 70

high number of fat cells, produces some WBCs. increases with age, found in the medullary cavity of long bones