Anatomy & Biomechanics

Question 1

hip - what type of joint is the hip?

Answer 1

pure ovoid

Question 2

hip - describe the anatomy of the acetabulum

Answer 2

Question 3

hip - which way does the femoral head face and what is the normal angle of inclination?

Answer 3

faces: superiorly, anteriorly, and medially

Normal angle of inclination = 125 ̊

Question 4

hip - describe the normal angle of torsion, anteversion, and retroversion

Answer 4

Normal = 8°- 15°

>15°= anteversion

<8° = retroversion

Question 5

hip - describe anteversion

Answer 5

Hip ROM will have:

• ↑↑IR & ↓↓ER but total amount of rotation will be normal

may be associated with a compensatory:

• IR of femur (in-toeing in WB and gait)
• tibial ER (structural) with this, appears like normal alignment

Question 6

hip - what is a bursa and where are they in the hip?

Answer 6

Question 7

hip - IT band origen and insertion

Answer 7

Question 8

hip - what protects the IT band from the lat femoral condyle?

Answer 8

Question 9

hip - describe the piriformis muscle origen, insertion, sciatic nerve relation, and action

Answer 9

Question 10

hip - how many DOF?

Answer 10

3 degrees of freedom:
Flexion\Extension
Internal rotation\External rotation

Adduction\Abduction

Question 11

hip - what is the referred pain pattern?

Answer 11

Question 12

ankle - name the ankle/forefoot joints and their corresponding regions

Answer 12

Region I : Ankle joints

• Distal tibio-fibular joint
• Talo-crural joint

Region II: Subtalar joint

Region III: Midtarsal joints

• Calcaneocuboid joint
• Talonavicular joint
• Cubonavicular jt
• Cuneonavicular jt
• Cuneocuboid jt
• Intercuneiform jt

Region IV: The forefoot jts

• Tarsometatarsal jts
• Metatarsophalangeal jts
• Interphalangeal joints (PIP & DIP jt)

Question 13

ankle - what is the function of the distal tibio-fibular joint?

Answer 13

Shock absorption, dissipate forces

Permit ant/post movt on talus

Question 14

ankle - describe the anatomy of the distal tibio-fibular joint

Answer 14

With ankle dorsiflexion:

This joint will widen allowing 1-2 mm of spread
The direction of mvt varies among individuals

The talocrural joint is dependant upon the stability provided by this joint for its proper functioning

Question 15

ankle - what are the tibiofibular ligaments?

Answer 15

Anterior tibiofibular: You can palpate it

Posterior tibiofibular: Deep part = inf transverse lig (elastic), Resists splaying of mortise

Interossei ligament/membrane: Strongest lig of Inf Tib-fib, Resist splaying of mortise

Question 16

ankle - describe the talocrural joint (what makes up the TCJ? what type of jonit is is? how many DOF?

Answer 16

Question 17

ankle - what holds the talo-crural joint together?

Answer 17

Question 18

ankle - describe the ATFL

Answer 18

Question 19

describe the CFL

Answer 19

Question 20

ankle - describe the PTFL

Answer 20

Question 21

ankle - describe the deltoid ligament

Answer 21

Question 22

ankle - what is the subtalar joint? (where/ms attachment/DOF)

Answer 22

Between the talus & calcaneum

There are no ms attachment

Osteokinematics: 1 DOF (Pronation, Supination)

Question 23

ankle - which joints tend to become hypomobile with an ankle injury?

Answer 23

With an ankle injury the subtalar joint & the talocrural joint tend to become hypomobile, possibly because the talus has no muscle attaching to it.

Question 24

ankle - what type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint? DOF?

Answer 24

Question 25

ankle - what type of joint is the interphalangeal joint? DOF? ligaments/other structures?

Answer 25

Modified sellar jt 1 DOF (Flex/ext) Base of phalanx: concave, Head of phalanx: convex Ligaments: MCL, LCL Plantar fibrous plate: Reinforces the plantar aspect of the IP jts

Question 26

ankle - describe the longitudinal arch

Answer 26

Question 27

ankle - describe the lateral arch

Answer 27

Question 28

ankle - describe the plantar fascia (origin, insertion, function)

Answer 28

Question 29

ankle - describe the windlass mechanism of the foot

Answer 29

Question 30

knee - what are the 3 joints?

Answer 30

1.Patello-femoral joint 2. Tibiofemoral joint 3. Superior tibio-fibular joint

Question 31

knee - function of patellofemoral joint

Answer 31

Pulley for quads ms ↓ friction btw quads tendon & femoral condyle (Movt at PF joint instead of quads tendon rubbing on femoral condyles)

Question 32

knee - patellofemoral joint ANT surface of femur and POST surface of patella anatomy

Answer 32

slides 6-7

Question 33

knee - describe how the patella moves from flexion to extension/joint congruance

Answer 33

slides 8-12

Question 34

knee - describe the stabilizers of the patella

Answer 34

slides 13-14

Question 35

knee - describe the vertical position of patella in femoral sulcus

Answer 35

slide 15/16

Question 36

knee - describe the joint reaction force of the patello-femoral joint

Answer 36

slides 17/18

Question 37

knee - what is the synovial plica and the types?

Answer 37

slides 19/20

Question 38

knee - where are the 6 bursae?

Answer 38

slides 21-24

Question 39

knee - describe the mcl - where is is and functions

Answer 39

slide 25

Question 40

knee - describe the lcl - where is is and functions

Answer 40

slide 26

Question 41

knee - describe the acl - where is is and functions, OKC vs CKC

Answer 41

slides 27-29

Question 42

knee - describe the pcl - where is is and functions

Answer 42

slide 30

Question 43

knee - meniscus anatomy

Answer 43

slide 31/32

Question 44

knee - meniscus vascularization

Answer 44

slide 33/34

Question 45

knee - what is the function of the meniscus?

Answer 45

Question 46

knee - what type of joint is it?

Answer 46

Question 47

knee - osteokinematics (glides) for patello-femoral joint

Answer 47

Question 48

knee - osteokinematics (glides) for tibiofemoral joint

Answer 48

Question 49

knee - what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 49

Question 50

describe the functional biomechanics of the lower quadrant

Answer 50