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anatomy biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of biomolecules?

A

lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

CHON

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3
Q

what are nucleic acids composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

CHONP

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4
Q

what are lipids composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CHO

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5
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CHO

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6
Q

what is a lipids monomer(building block)?

A

fatty acids, glycerol

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7
Q

what is a protein monomer(building block)?

A

amino acids (20 types)

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8
Q

what is a nucleic acid monomer(building block)?

A

nucleotides (ATGC)

a -> t
c -> g

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9
Q

what is a carbs monomer(building block)?

A

monosaccharide = 1 sugar

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10
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

glucose, lactose, starch

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11
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose

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12
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

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13
Q

examples of proteins

A

muscles, keratin, collagen, pepsin, insulin

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14
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

provide structure
aid the immune system (act as antibodies)
cell communication

transport enzymes (used to speed up chem reactions)
hormones

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15
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

quick energy

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16
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

genetic information, protein synthesis (creation of proteins in the body)

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17
Q

what is the function of a lipid?

A

long term energy, protection/insulation, make up cell membrane

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18
Q

what is metabolism?

A

how a cell gets energy and removes waste

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19
Q

what are the two types of metabolic reactions?

A

anabolic and catabolic

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20
Q

what is the function of anabolic reactions?

A

used to make polymers
grow tissue
repair damage

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21
Q

what is the function of catabolic reactions?

A

used to generate energy for anabolism(*release heat/energy (exergonic))
release small molecules for other purposes,
detoxify chemicals
regulate metabolic pathways

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22
Q

example of catabolic reactions

A

cell respiration, digestion of food

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23
Q

example of anabolic reactions

A

-Anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth
-Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

24
Q

what are the 4 inorganic compounds?

A

water, salts, acids, bases

25
Q

water

A

comprises up to 70% of an adult’s body weight
inorganic compound because it doesn’t contain both carbon AND hydrogen

26
Q

water acts as what?

A

lubricant and a cushion

27
Q

how does water help maintain body temperature?

A

water helps to maintain body temperature by its ability to absorb and dissipate heat without a change in temperature

28
Q

in order to survive, cells must be kept in a moist water-based liquid called a what?

A

solution

29
Q

what is water considered to be?

A

universal solvent and it is believed that life cannot exist without water because of this

30
Q

examples of water as a lubricant:

A

lubricate joints (synovial fluid)
helps lungs expand and contract
move food throughout the digestive tract

31
Q

examples of water as a cushion:

A

cushioning a developing fetus
cushion brain within the skull
nerve tissue in the eyes

32
Q

what is salt?

A

salt is a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates into ions other than H+ or OH-

  • This distinguishes salts from acids and bases
33
Q

why does our body need electrolytes?

A

to transmit nerve impulses and muscle contraction

34
Q

what do salts dissociate into when placed in water?

A

dissociate into ions or electrolytes, which are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution

35
Q

examples of salts in the body?

A
  • bile salts
  • calcium phosphate salts
  • table salt NaCl
36
Q

keeping our pH balanced is an example of what?

A

homeostasis

37
Q

an acid is a substance that releases what?

A

hydrogen ions(H+) in solution

38
Q

strong acids are what?

A

corrosive (can damage tissue)

39
Q

what is the acid that is released in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid(HCl)

40
Q

what are the 2 functions of HCl?

A

aid in digestion
kill ingested microbes

41
Q

what is a base?

A

substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution OR one that accepts H+
high pH balance

42
Q

what is bicarbonate?

A

weak base that helps protect the small intestine from HCl

43
Q

strong bases are what?

A

corrosive (can damage tissue)

44
Q

what is pH?

A

measure of how basic or acidic a solution is

45
Q

pH = 7

A

neutral(water)
!no ions!

46
Q

pH < 7

A

acid(acidic)
!H+ ions!

47
Q

pH > 7

A

base/alkaline

!OH- ions!

48
Q

to move on the pH scale how many more ions do you need?

A

10

49
Q

what is a buffer?

A

a solution of a weak acid/base. bring too basic or acidic solutions back to normal(helps keep the body at normal pH(homeostasis))

50
Q

buffers are able to maintain a consistent body pH of?

A

7.4

51
Q

what is the most common simple sugar?

A

glucose

52
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

substances that increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction but remain unchanged.

53
Q

each enzyme is specific for the what?

A

substrate

54
Q

what is a substrate?

A

a reactant that binds to an enzyme

55
Q

what is an inorganic compound?

A

a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

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