Anatomy - Body Wall II

Question 1

Arrangement of abdominal wall muscles

Answer 1

EAO - caudal ventrally
IAO - cranial ventrally
TA - Dorso ventrally - contain intercostal nerves (lumbar regions of ventral spinal nerves)

Question 2

Abdominal muscles
Attachment
Action
Innervation

Answer 2

Attachment: linea alba & prepubic tendon
Action: compress viscera, bilateral- flex trunk ventrally, unilateral- rotate trunk laterally
Innervation: lateral branches of intercostal nerves
Last intercostal nn & 1-3L nn

Question 3

Internal fascia is comprised of

Answer 3

Endothoracic fascia - lining thoracic cavity
Endo-abdominal fascia - lining ab cavity & extends into pelvic cavity
- transversalis fascia - over TA
- diaphragmatic fascia - over diaphragm
- psoas fascia - over psoas muscles

Question 4

EAO

Answer 4

Attachment
Costal: 4-13 ribs, interdigitates w serratus vent thora
Lumbar: thoracolumbar fascia extending from the transvers processes of lumbar vertebrae
More extensively formed in cats than dogs

Question 5

Heaves

Answer 5

COPD
Airway obstruction causes excessive work of EAO can lead to hypertrophy of EAO
Heaves line is prominent musculotendiunous junction between EAO and its apenurosis

Question 6

Subiliac lymph node

Answer 6

Absent in D&C
Easily palpable on ox
Drains superficial body wall of caudal thorax & ab

Question 7

IAO

Answer 7

Runs cranioventrally
Caudal border forms cranial boundary of deep inguinal ring
Less develops in horses than cows

Question 8

TA

Answer 8

Dorsi ventrally
Lumbar transverse process
Medial aspect of ribs & costal cartilages
Inserts on linea alba

Question 9

RA

Answer 9

Longitudinal craniocaudal
3-6 transverse tendinous intersections/inscriptions (not distinct in cats)
OG: ventral aspect of sternum, xiphoid process & costal arch
IN: pecten pubis via prepubic tendon
Action: draws pelvis cranially
Paired & fused along linea alba

Question 10

Prepubic tendon rupture

Answer 10

Important in herbs
Palpable
Late pregnancy could lead to rupture
Could be torn in dogs hit by cars
Cats have no distinct PPT

Question 11

External laminate of rectus sheath

Answer 11

Formed by aponeurosis (flat tendon) of EAO & portion of Apon of IAO
apon of TA joins lamina near pubis

Question 12

Internal lamina of rectus sheath

Answer 12

Portion of Apon of IAO and TA + transversalis fascia
Internal disappears in caudal 3rd of abdomen where Apon of IAO joins ext lamina, leaving caudal RA covered by transversalis fascia & peritoneum

Question 13

Ventral branches of spinal nerves supply

Answer 13

Flank muscles but skin is supplies by both dorsal and ventral branches

Question 14

Disadvantages of dorsal approach to paravertebral block

Answer 14

Block all branches of spinal nerves including to Epaxial muscles = back muscle paralysis on one side, convex trunk to one side = viscera bulge out incision

Question 15

Verifying T block or L block

Answer 15

1/3 upper flake unaffected = missed dorsal branches
Ventral 2/3 flank unaffected=missed ventral branches
Successful block will cause vasodilation and are blocked will become warm and red

Question 16

Layers cut in a flank laparotomy

Answer 16

Skin
Cutaneous trunci
Tunica flava
EAO, IAO, TA
Transversalis fascia & parietal peritoneum

Question 17

Blood supply to ab wall

Answer 17

Craniodorsal - cranial abdominal artery
Cranioventral - cranial epigastric artery
Caudalventral - caudal epigastric artery
Caudodorsal - deep circumflex iliac artery

Question 18

Hypaxial muscles include

Answer 18

Longus colli
Longus capitits
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
Iliacus
Ilioposas

Question 19

Function of hypaxial vs epaxial

Answer 19

Hypaxial muscles - all are flexors to vertebral column
Epaxial - all are extensors of vertebral column

Question 20

Longus colli

Answer 20

Attachment : cervical & thoracic vert from t6-c1
Innervation ventral branches of cervical spinal nerve

Question 21

Longus capitis

Answer 21

Attachment: from cervical transverse process to skull basilar tubercles
Ventral to cervical vert transv processes
Lateral to cervical part of longus colli

Action
Innervation

Question 22

Lumbar hypaxial muscles

Answer 22

Psoas minor/major
Ilioposas
Quadratus lumborum
Attachment: thoracolumbar vert to pelvis & femur
Action: flex hip & lumbar vert column
Innervation: ventral branches of T, L, S spinal nerves

Question 23

General function of epaxial muscles

Answer 23

Extensors, bilateral contraction
Bend trunk laterally - unilateral contraction
Innervation by dorsal branches of C, T, L, S spinal nerves
Ideal for IM injection but abscess draining is difficult

Question 24

Iliocostalis system

Answer 24

From ilium to ribs
Thoracis & lumborum parts
Defined by flat shiny tendons

Question 25

Longissimus system

Answer 25

Intermediate group - longest & strongest. Runs between ilium & wing of atlas Parts are defined by location Cervicis, thoracis, lumborum,

Question 26

Transversospinalis system

Answer 26

Most medial - attaches to bodies of DSP of vert Multifidus (- rotators - interspinales mm - spinalis cervicis & thoracis ) Semispinalis capitis - deep to Splenius

Question 27

Splenius

Answer 27

Deep to cleidocephlicus, trap, Rhomboideus Attaches- DSP of T1, Apon tendon on nuchal crest Action : extends and raises head and neck Unilateral contraction moves laterally Innervation: cervical nerve

Question 28

Sternocephalicus

Answer 28

Attachment: between manubrium of sternum & skull Action: flex neck, draw head & neck side to side Innervation: ventral branch of accessory nerve & ventral branch of cervical spinal nerve Will attach in different places on different species

Question 29

Cribbing

Answer 29

Vice of horses, due to ventral branch of accessory nerve which supplies Sternocephalicus Can cut nerve to stop action

Question 30

Injection side on lateral neck area is formed by ____ in horses

Answer 30

Nuchal ligament Cervical spine Cranial margin of subclavius

Question 31

Muscles in area of IM injection site in horses

Answer 31

Scapula, funiculus Nuchal, atlas, traps, serratus ventralis cervicis, Splenius cervicis, subclavius

Question 32

Clinical sig of cervical deep fascia in horses

Answer 32

Envelopes ventral neck muscles, limits spread of abscesses Is continuous caudally w endothoracici fascia - infections of neck may spread to thorax

Question 33

Clin sig of lower neck not being optimal for jugular vein puncture

Answer 33

Ext jug is too close to carotid sheath Cutaneous colli is thick and covers ext jug

Question 34

What muscle covers the trachea

Answer 34

Sternohyoideus

Question 35

Which side offers protection to esophagus

Answer 35

Left

Question 36

Nerves of the neck

Answer 36

Accessory Ventral branches of cervical spinal (C1-8) Vagosympathetic trunk Roots of phrenic (C5,6,7)