Anatomy - Bones

Question 1

Types of Fibrous Joints

Answer 1

Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles

Question 2

Syndesmoses

Answer 2

Fibrous membrane
Partially moveable
e.g. interosseous membrane

Question 3

Sutures

Answer 3

Bones held together by tough fibres, either interlocking or overlapping Highly stable
e.g. coronal suture

Question 4

Fontanelles

Answer 4

Wide sutures in the neonatal skull

Allow growing bones to slide over each other

Question 5

Types of Joints

Answer 5

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 6

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 6

Primary cartilaginous

Secondary cartilaginous

Question 7

Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 7

Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Permit growth in length of bone
Usually only temporary, and will ossify and fuse 
e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate

Question 8

Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 8

Symphyses
Strong, slightly moveable
United by fibrocartilage
e.g. intervertebral discs

Question 9

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 9

Plane 
Hinge
Biaxial 
Ball and Socket
Pivot

Question 10

Synovial Joint Features

Answer 10

Hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces
Capsule wrapped arund joint
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Supported by ligaments from bone to bone
Associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
Associated with bursae containing synovial fluid

Question 11

Rank Joints in Order of Mobility

Answer 11

Synovial>Cartilaginous>Fibrous

Increasing stability

Question 12

Define Subluxation

Answer 12

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces at a joint

Question 13

Define Dislocation

Answer 13

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces at a joint

Question 14

Give an example of an Atypical Feature of a Synovial Joint

Answer 14

Articular disc of the TMJs

Question 15

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 15

Process by which an initial, all hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone
When the growth of the hyaline cartilage ossifies, growth ceases

Question 16

Structure of Bone

Answer 16

Outer cortex = Dense, strong, heavy, COMPACT (cortical)

Inner medulla = Porous, weaker, lighter, SPONGY (trabecullar/cancellous). May contain bone marrow

Question 17

Fracture Healing

Answer 17

Callus of new bone forms a “bridge” over fracture line
Callus remodelling and calcification
Callus is reabsorbed and replaced by bone

Question 18

Bony Features

Answer 18

Functional =
Best shape for the job
e.g. Bottom of the humerus

Adjacent Structure =
Bone moulded due to applied force
e.g. Tibial tuberosity or humerus grooves for tendons

Adjacent Structure =
Simultaneously developing
e.g. Foramen in the mandible for cranial nerves

Question 19

Axial Skeleton

Answer 19

Middling skeleton =

Skull, neck and trunk bones

Question 20

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 20

Appendages of skeleton =

Limbs and the girdles which attach them

Question 21

Bones of Cranial Vault

Posterior to Anterior ish

Answer 21

Occipital bone
Left and right temporal bone
Left and right parietal bone 
Left and right sphenoid bone
Frontal Bone

Question 22

Bones of Facial Skeleton (Superior to Inferior ish)

Answer 22

Left and right nasal bone
Left and right zygoma
Left and right maxilla
Mandible

Question 23

Le Fort Fracture I

Answer 23

Horizontal fractures of maxilla

Question 24

Le Fort Fracture II

Answer 24

Passes from cavities in the maxilla superomedially across some of the zygoma to the bridge of the nose

Question 25

Le Fort Fracture III

Answer 25

Horizontal fracture passes through superior orbital fissures and ethmoid and nasal bones, extending laterally through the greater wings of the sphenoid and the frontozygomatic sutures

Question 26

Features of Vertebrae

Answer 26

``` x1 Spinous process x2 Transverse process x2 Inferior articular process x2 Superior articular processes Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Vertebral body ```

Question 27

Spinous Process Function

Answer 27

Ligament and muscle attachments

Question 28

Transverse Process Function

Answer 28

Ligament, muscle and rib articulations

Question 29

Inferior and Superior Articular Process Function

Answer 29

Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints

Question 30

Vertebral Arch Function

Answer 30

Protects the spinal cord

Question 31

Vertebral Foramen Function

Answer 31

Transmits and protects the spinal cord

Question 32

C1 - Atlas Difference

Answer 32

No body or spinous process | Posteror and anterior arch instead

Question 33

C2 - Axis Difference

Answer 33

Odontoid process | Projects superiorly from body

Question 34

C7 Difference

Answer 34

Vertebrae prominens | First palpable spinous process

Question 35

True Ribs

Answer 35

1-7 | Attach to sternum via costal cartilage

Question 36

False Ribs

Answer 36

8-10 | Attach to sternum via shared costal cartilage

Question 37

Floating Ribs

Answer 37

11-12 | No attachment to sternum