Anatomy Cards Flashcards
(376 cards)
1
Q
What are the two types of lower motor neurons and what is their function?
A
alpha motor neurons - extrafusal muscle innervation
gamma motor neurons - intrafusal muscle fibers (proprioception)
2
Q
Which sensory tract deals with discriminating (fine) touch and pressure sensations?
A
Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts
3
Q
What is the arterial supply of the palate?
A
Mainly the descending palatine artery, a branch of the maxillary artery. This artery will split into the greater and lesser palatine arteries.
4
Q
What travels through the caval opening of the diaphragm?
A
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
5
Q
What are the principle nerves found in the dental pulp?
A
sympathetic and afferent nerves. These are A-beta, A-delta, and C-fibers.
6
Q
Where does the thoracic duct drain into the blood supply?
A
at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
7
Q
What cranial sinus is housed in the falx cerebelli?
A
occipital sinus
8
Q
What else enters the eyeball other than the optic nerve at the optic disc?
A
The central artery and vein
9
Q
What is the nasal vestibule lined with?
A
Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
What runs through the inferior orbital fissure?
A
Infraorbital and zygomatic nerves, infraorbital artery, ophthalmic vein
11
Q
What is the descending order of leukocyte abundance?
A
Never Let Monkey Eat Bananas
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
12
Q
Where is type II collagen found?
A
cartilage
13
Q
What is the blood and nerve supply to the lungs?
A
Blood – bronchial arteries (branches of thoracic)
artery - parasympathetic via vagus and sympathetic via 2-4 thoracic sympathetic ganglia
14
Q
Which layer of a vein is the thickest?
A
Tunica externa (made of elastic fibers and collagen)
15
Q
What are sertoli cells?
A
Produces testicular fluid, hormones, and located in the seminiferous tubules
16
Q
Infectious mononucleosis
A
acute disease caused by EBV, causes fever, membranous pharyngitis, and enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
17
Q
What does the alveologingival group of ligaments do in the periodontium?
A
they go from the alveolar crest and go coronally to the lamina propria of the marginal gingiva. It helps keep the gingiva attached to the alveolar bone.
18
Q
What structures pass through the gaps below the inferior pharyngeal constrictors?
A
Recurrent laryngeal artery, inferior laryngeal artery
19
Q
What nerve gives rise to the greater and lesser petrosal nerves?
A
CN IX
20
Q
What are A bands?
A
Dark striation in skeletal muscle, it includes the entire length of a thick myosin filaments.
21
Q
What are the stages of intramembranous ossification?
A
o Development of the ossification center: osteoblasts are made from mesenchymal cells
o Calcification
o Formation of trabeculae (This forms the spongy bone)
o Development of periosteum : at the edge of the bone
22
Q
What is the mesencephalic nucleus?
A
located in the pons, it deals with sensory from proprioception of the face.
23
Q
How are Hunter-Schreger bands most easily seen?
A
In longitudinal sections using reflective light
24
Q
Which part of the brainstem connects to the cerebellum?
A
mesecephalon, but mostly the pons
25
What are the three major stages of tooth formation?
1. Bud stage (week 8)
2. Cap Stage (week 9-10)
3. Bell stage (week 11-12)
26
What are principle cells?
Main Na+ reabsorption cells in the kidney
27
What organelle is prominent in a cell that secretes a lot of protein like (osteoblasts and fibroblasts?
Rough ER (they appear almost basophilic when stained because of this)
28
Whats the difference between an adult thymus and a child thymus?
adult thymus has blood thymus barrier which is a separation of the blood supply from the parenchyma
29
What is another name for the second branchial arch?
hyoid arch
30
What is the filum terminale?
It is an extension of the dura mater and arachnoid mater past the conus medullaris (L1) and ends at S2. This is the area that you can inject an epidural without damaging the spinal cord and enter CSF.
31
What do beta cells secrete in the pancreas?
Insulin
32
Which two vessels combine to form the retromandibular vein?
the maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein
33
Which organelle in a beta cell makes insulin?
rough ER
34
What epithelium lines the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
35
What are the branches of the external carotid artery from inferior to superior?
```
o Superior thyroid a.
o Lingual a.
o Facial a.
o Ascending pharyngeal a.
o Occipital a.
o Posterior auricular a.
o Maxillary a.
o Superficial temporal a.
```
36
What is the roof of the sphenoid sinus?
the sella turcica
37
What runs through the pterygopalatine canal?
Greater and lesser palatine v,a,n
38
What is in splenic pulp?
lymphocytes and macrophages
39
How many RBC's per microliter does an adult male and female have?
5.4 million and 4.8 million
40
what layer of skin contains melanocytes?
stratum basale
41
What are the two separate embryonic structures that form the palate and what fused to form each of them?
o Primary palate: fusion of median nasal processes and frontonasal process. This is the very front tip of the palate in front of the incisive foramen.
o Secondary palate: fusion of the two maxillary processes. This gives rise to everything posterior to the canines including the soft palate and uvula.
42
Where does the blood supply come from for the Jejunum and ileum?
branches of superior mesenteric
43
Where is the cell body of an odontoblast?
In the pulp cavity
44
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis (anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior)
45
What type of collagen is in fibrocartilage?
type I
46
Which vessels originate in the pons?
V, VI, and VII (VIII originates in the ear and goes TO the pons.)
47
What does the dentogingival group of ligaments do in the periodontium?
they run from the cementum and extend into the lamina propria of the marginal gingiva
48
What is kartagener syndrome?
A hereditary syndrome where one gets upper and lower respiratory tract infections a lot due to a defect in cilia action.
49
What is in the carotid sinus?
baroreceptors
50
What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
thoracodorsal nerves
51
How do you tell the difference between gingival tissue and junctional epithelium?
junctional epithelium does not contain rete pegs
52
What are enamel tufts?
they are the little tufts of grass in from the DEJ into 1/3 of the enamel.
53
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
54
What is intention tremor?
a dysfunction in the cerebellum that causes oscillating motion, especially of head during movement.
55
What pharyngeal arch does the tongue originate from?
The anterior 2/3 – 1st arch
the posterior 1/3 – 2-4 arches
56
What is another name for cochlea?
Organ of Corti
57
What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal medulla vs the adrenal cortex?
Medulla is neuroectoderm, cortex is mesoderm
58
Where does the chorda tympani exit the skull?
petrotympanic fissure
59
Where is the only place that cartilage is NOT covered by perichondrium?
articular cartilage in a synovial joint
60
What are lenticulostriate arteries?
Small arteries that branch from the internal cerebral artery that are often involved in a stroke
61
Where are the circumvallate papillae located?
In a V shape at the back of the tongue
62
What fiber connects the PDL to the alveolar bone?
principle fibers
63
Where is sour perceived on the tongue?
Along the sides
64
Where is type IV collagen found?
floor of basement membrane
65
What week in embryonic development does the nervous system begin to form?
week 3
66
What is another name for bulbourethral glands in males? What is it called in females?
Cowper's glands in males
| Bartholin's gland in females
67
Cartilage derivatives of the 2nd arch
Stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid bone and upper half of body of hyoid bone
68
What tract is responsible for inhibiting motor neurons to skeletal muscles?
medial reticulospinal tract
69
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
70
What are the two types of neurons in the dental pulp and which is myelinated and unmyelinated?
afferent nerves- myelinated
| sympathetic nerves - unmyelinated
71
What are the muscles derived from each pharyngeal arch?
o 1st- mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
o 2nd – stapedius, facial expression muscles, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid
o 3rd – stylopharyngeal
o 4th – pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini, cricothyroid muscle
6th – intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
72
Asplenia
• absence of normal spleen function. High infection risk.
73
What is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery?
middle cerebral artery
74
What is a Kupffer cell?
A specialized macrophage in the liver
75
Which sensory tract deals with crude touch and pressure?
anterior spinothalamic tract
76
What innervates the pectoralis minor?
medial pectoral nerves
77
What can obstruct the nasolacrimal duct?
If there was a maxillary sinus cyst
78
What are the derivatives of the 5th pharyngeal pouches?
ultimobranchial bodies (makes C cells in the Thyroid)
79
Cartilage derivatives of the 3rd arch
greater cornu of hyoid bone, lower half of body of hyoid bone
80
what vessel is involved in a subarachnoid hematoma?
Circle of Willis (berry aneurism)
81
What does the unilateral contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle do?
Lateral deviation to opposite side.
82
What structures pass through the gaps between the middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors?
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery
83
What is the nerve supply for the TMJ?
The major nerve is the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of V3) which supplies the posterior TMJ. The anterior TMJ is barely supplied by the masseteric nerve and the deep temporal nerves.
84
Where does the innervation of the sigmoid colon come from?
S2-S4
85
What attaches to the lingula?
The sphenomandibular ligament
86
What is gnarled enamel?
around the cusp tips the enamel rods twist around each other.
87
What does the contraction of both lateral pterygoid muscles do?
Protrusion of mandible
88
What are the three tissues of the spleen and what function does each of them have?
reticuloendothelial tissue - filters blood
Venous sinusoids - blood storage
White pulp - stores lymphocytes
89
If ruptured, which artery would cause a epidural hematoma?
Middle meningeal artery
90
Where does the blood supply come from for the Cecum
anterior and posterior cecal arteries (branches of ileocolic artery, which is a branch of superior mesenteric)
91
Where does spinal nerves C1-C7 exit the vertebral column?
Above the corresponding vertebra.
92
What is the tuberculum impar?
The median swelling of the tongue in development. (This is accompanied by lateral swellings of the tongue. These lateral swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar and fuse together to make the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.)
93
What are leydig cells?
Produce testosterone
94
What tract is responsible for coordinating head and eye movements?
tectospinal tract
95
The apex of the heart is located at which intercostal space?
5th
96
What layer of skin contains langerhan cells?
stratum spinosum
97
Which lobe is wernike's area at?
temporal lobe
98
What is the sphenoethmoidal recess?
A small space up behind the superior concha into which the sphenoidal sinus drains
99
What are the characteristic features of the small intestines? (5)
o Intestinal glands called crypts of lieberkuhn
o Paneth cells
o Lamina propria formed from loose CT
o Simple columnar epithelial lining with goblet cells and a “brush border”
Intestinal vili
100
What is a berry aneurism?
• An aneurism in a cerebral artery, most often in the circle of Willis
101
Where do the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves arise from?
greater - T5-T9
Lesser - T9-T11
least - T12
102
Which comes first, enamel or dentin?
Dentin starts forming just before enamel
103
In neuroanatomy, how does the name tell you if it is motor or sensory?
sensory tracts mostly begin with "spino" and end with where in the brain they terminate. Most motor tract begins with where in the brain they begin. ex: spinothalamic tract vs corticospinal tract.
104
What connects the lateral ventricles of the brain?
septum pellucidum
105
Which muscle cell has centrally placed nuclei?
Cardiac
106
What is the area of the nose where nose bleeds occur?
Kiesselbach area (or Little’s area), This is because this is the area where blood supply from 5 different vessels meet and anastomose.
107
What ganglion houses cell bodies from the facial nerve?
geniculate ganglion
108
What drains into the superior meatus?
The posterior ethmoidal sinuses
109
What is the spinal nucleus?
Located in the pons, it mediates pain and temperature from the head and neck. It is subdivided into three regions:
1. subnucleus oralis
2. subnucleus interpolaris
3. subnucleus caudalis
110
Which sensory tract deals with pain, temperature and crude touch of opposite side?
lateral spinothalamic tract
111
What muscles are innervated by the mylohyoid nerve?
mylohyoid muscle, the anterior digastric
112
What is another name for stored oxytocin and ADH in the posterior pituitary gland?
Herring bodies
113
What are myoepithelial cells?
a smooth muscle cell that is found in glands as well as the breasts. They are star shaped, and when they contract, they help force fluids out of the gland.
114
What is the embryonic origin of the neuroglial cells?
ectoderm, except the microglia which is mesoderm.
115
What is the opening called between the greater sac and the lesser sac in the peritoneal cavity?
epiploic foramen
116
Where does lymph drain from the kidneys?
lumbar lymph nodes
117
What is dysmetria?
dysfunction in the cerebellum that alters the range of motion (misjudged distance)
118
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
When the distal esophagus replaces its stratified squamous epithelium with simple columnar epithelium. This is associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
119
What age does yellow bone marrow begin to appear and where does it appear?
At age 7 it appears in distal limbs and moves proximally
120
What organs are considered retroperitoneal? (8)
aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, adrenal gland, pancreas, ureters, most of duodenum, ascending and descending colon
121
What is the innervation of the tensor veli palatine?
A branch of the nerve to the medial pterygoid, which is a branch V3.
122
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
V3
123
What is the equation for innervation of eye muscles?
(LR6SO4)3
124
What lymphocytic cells are in the cortex, paracortex and medulla of a lymph node?
cortex - B cells
Paracortex - T cells
Medulla - Plasma cells, antibodies and B cells
125
When does primary dentin stop and secondary dentin begin?
Once the root formation completes
126
In what week does the stomodeum appear?
4th week
127
What cells secrete surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes and club (clara) cells
128
What ganglion does the lesser petrosal nerve travel to?
otic ganglion
129
What is the sensory innervation of the palate?
V2
130
What is the main distinguishing feature of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands
131
The pharyngeal tonsils are located in which major compartment of the body?
Nasopharynx
132
What are the steps of fracture repair?
1. Blood clot formation
2. Bridging callus formation
3. Periosteal callus formation
4. New endochondral bone formation
133
What is the pathway of the facial nerve from the brain?
```
It enters the internal acoustic meatus, the chorda tympani branches off, then it exits the stylomastoid foramen and branches into five branches: (The Zebra Bit My Cow)
o Temporal
o Zygomatic
o Buccal
o Mandibular
o Cervical
```
134
What lines the posterior slope of the articular eminence in the TMJ?
Fibrous connective tissue
135
What is the origin of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
T2-T4 and vagus respectively
136
What do ameloblasts become after completion of the enamel?
Reduced enamel epithelium, which fuses with the oral epithelium to create a canal for the tooth to erupt
137
What are cooper's ligaments?
Ligaments that attach to musculature and support the breast
138
Which vessels are associated with the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII
139
What is the origin of the tensor veli palatine muscle?
• The Hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
140
What is the major thyroid hormone that is in the body?
T3 (most of T4 that is released is converted to T3)
141
What is heterochromatin?
Inactive and very condensed DNA
142
Where is salty perceived on the tongue?
Tip and sides
143
What is the sensory innervation of the tongue?
o Anterior two-thirds: Lingual n. (branch of V-3)
o Posterior one-third: CN IX
o Area near epiglottis: CN X
144
What are basal nuclei?
gray matter structures in the cerebrum that help control skeletal muscle activity.
145
What is the dental follicle?
"dental sac" it is a predecessor of the supporting structures of the tooth like the PDL, alveolar bone, and cementum
146
What are the 4 openings of the pterygopalatine fossa?
o Anterior: inferior orbital fissure to the orbit
o Lateral: pterygomaxillary fissure to the infratemporal fossa
o Medial: Sphenopalatine foramen to the nasal cavity
o Superior: foramen rotundum to the skull
147
What is the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures called?
Lambda
148
What are the muscles that are derived from the first pharyngeal arch? What innervates these?
Masticatory muscles, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, anterior belly of digastric. They are innverated by V-3
149
Where are contour lines of Owen found?
dentin
150
Where does spinal nerve C8 exit the vertebral column?
Below C7 and above T1
151
What are the branches of the lingual artery?
Suprahyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, deep lingual
152
What runs through the foramen rotundum?
V2
153
What are Sharpey's fibers?
They are the ends of principle fibers that attach the PDL to the cementum or alveolar bone
154
What is the motor nucleus?
It is a trigeminal nucleus that supplies muscles of the 1st branchial arch.
155
What is the innervation of the buccinators muscle?
Facial
156
What is the motor innervation of the tongue?
CN XII, except for palatoglossus muscle (CNX)
157
What is mantle dentin?
first dentin that is formed. less mineralized
158
What is the predominant cell type in the dental pulp?
fibroblasts
159
What are valves of kerckring?
Plicae circulares, found more in the jejunum
160
What is the embryonic origin of the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis develops from the oral ectoderm from a pouch called Rathke’s pouch. The neurohypophysis forms from the neuroectoderm from the base of the brain.
161
What is another name for cartilaginous joints?
Amphiarthroses
162
Where is the spleen
between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm
163
What runs through the pharyngeal canal?
Pharyngeal branch of V2
164
What are the two parts to the spleen?
Red pulp - filters blood
| White pulp- lymphoid tissue
165
Where does the blood supply come from for the descending colon
left colic and sigmoid branches of inf. Mesenteric
166
What division of the nervous system are cranial nerves?
PNS
167
Where are peyer’s patches?
mostly the ileum
168
What is the border of the digastric (submandibular) triangle?
anterior digastric, posterior digastric, mandible
169
What week in embryonic development do the major glands appear?
Between 6-8 weeks
170
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma has water, protein and other solutes, serum is plasma minus fibrinogen
171
Which vessels originate from the anterior portion of the brain?
I, II, III, IV
172
What are enamel lamellae?
they look like cracks that travel through the entire width of enamel
173
What is the most numerous type of papillae on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Filiform
174
The three groups of tonsils are known as:
Waldeyers ring or tonsillar ring
175
What drains into the middle meatus?
The anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses, along with maxillary and frontal sinuses.
176
Which part of the midbrain help control movement?
substantia nigra (lesions here cause parkinsons)
177
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
178
What gland are the circumvallate papilla associated with?
Von ebners
179
What are I bands?
The light striation in skeletal muscles. It ONLY includes thin actin myofilaments.
180
What % of bone mass is water? What about organic components?
Water 10-20%, organic 30-40%
181
Where does the blood supply come from for the Transverse colon
proximal two-thirds is middle colic (sup. Mesenteric), distal one-third is left colic (inferior mesenteric artery)
182
What is the epithelial rest of Malassez?
remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath found in the PDL. These can form cementicles
183
What are the percentages of inorganic material in enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone?
enamel - 96%
dentin - 70%
cementum - 65%
alveolar bone - 60%
184
What is another name for tight junction?
zonula occludens
185
What tract is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle movements?
corticospinal tract
186
What is the motor innervation of the palatal muscles?
V3
187
What nutrient is vital to the immune system, especially the thymus?
Zinc
188
What structures pass through the gaps between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?
Stylopharyngeus muscle, glossopharyngeal nerve, stylohyoid ligament
189
What two vessels come together to form the portal vein?
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
190
What innervates the deltoid?
Axillary nerve
191
What percent of cementum is organic vs inorganic?
65% inorganic, 23% organic, 12% water
192
What organs are in the foregut, midgut and hingut and what is the arterial supply for them?
o Foregut: all digestive organs (and spleen) and the GI tract to the proximal duodenum. Supplied by celiac trunk.
o Midgut: distal duodenum until the proximal two-thirds of transverse colon. Supplied by superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut: distal one-third of transverse colon to the rectum. Supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
193
What are Clara cells?
Club cells in the lungs (secrete surfactant)
194
What are the parts of a muscle cell that don’t change in length upon contraction?
A bands. Only the H zone and I band changes.
195
What is peritubular dentin?
it is dentin that is formed inside of the walls of dentin tubules. It is highly mineralized and contains little collagen.
196
Where is the SA node located?
At the junction of the right aura and superior vena cava
197
What are diploic veins?
They are found in the skull and drain the marrow from the skull
198
Where does lymph drain from the lungs and trachea?
Hilar lymph nodes in the hilum of the lungs
199
What color will active follicular colloid stain in the thyroid gland? Inactive?
Active stains basophilic,
inactive stains acidophilic
200
Where is sweet perceived on the tongue?
tip
201
What organs are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium?
ducts, distal tubules of the kidney, thyroid follicles
202
What is the taste innervation of the tongue?
o Anterior two-thirds: CN VII (chorda tympani)
| o Posterior one-third: CN IX
203
What is the main sensory nucleus?
Also called chief nucleus, it receives info about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face
204
Where does the blood supply come from for the Ascending colon
ileocolic and right colic branches of superior mesenteric
205
At what week in embryo do the teeth begin to form?
week 6
206
What is a primary cartilaginous joint?
synchondrosis
207
What runs through the pterygomaxillary fissure?
PSA n, v, a, and the maxillary artery
208
What do alpha cells secrete in the pancreas?
Glucagon
209
Where are the foliate papilla mostly located?
Sides of tongue
210
What is the largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body?
The spleen
211
What is circumpulpal dentin?
dentin formed after mantle dentin
212
What are the two layers of the basement membrane?
1. basal lamina
| 2. reticular lamina
213
What is the blood supply of the TMJ?
superficial temporal and maxillary branches of external carotid artery.
214
What nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus?
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
215
What is the innervation of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus, except for stylopharyngeus, which is done by CN IX.
216
What connects the ventricles to the subarachnoid space?
a single median aperture (foramen of magendie) and two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
217
What are the major branches of the internal carotid artery?
Ophthalmic artery, and it terminates by branching into the anterior and middle cerebral artery in the circle of Willis.
218
What is the most likely result of injecting local anesthetic in the parotid gland?
Paralysis of the buccinator muscle
219
What test can one do to distinguish RNA from DNA?
the Feulgen reaction
220
What 9 structures come from the endoderm?
```
o GI tract
o Lung
o Liver
o Pancreas
o Thymus
o Thyroid
o Parathyroid
o Submandibular and sublingual glands
o Middle ear and auditory tube
```
221
What are muscles innervated by the facial nerve that are NOT for facial expression?
Platysma, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric muscle
222
What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
interventricular foramen
223
What are the 5 layers of skin from outside to inside?
```
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
```
224
What is in the carotid body?
chemoreceptors that detect oxygen levels, pH and temperature
225
What spinal level is the carina at?
T4-T5
226
What innervates the carotid sinus?
CN IX
227
What is the Zone of Weil?
The cell-free zone in the pulp adjacent to the dentin
228
What tract deals with unconscious kinesthesia?
anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
229
What is Horner's syndrome?
when you get drooping of the eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and decreased sweating on that side of the face.
230
What are G cells?
Stomach cells that secrete gastrin
231
What is the difference between a centriole and cilia?
They both have a 9+2 pattern of microtubules in a cylinder (called an axoneme), but cilia have doublets and centrioles have triplets in each set.
232
What do gamma cells secrete?
polypeptides
233
What is another name for the first branchial arch?
mandibular arch
234
Cartilage derivatives of the 4-6 arch
cartilages of larynx
235
What is the H zone?
It contains ONLY thick myosin filaments. It is in the center of an A band and is lighter than the A band because the A band contains thin filaments as well.
236
Which layer of an artery is the thickest and what is it made of?
Tunica Media (made of smooth muscle and elastin)
237
What cranial sinuses are housed in the falx cerebri?
inferior and superior sagittal sinuses
238
Treacher-Collins syndrome:
rare genetic disorder that causes an underdeveloped zygomatic bone and downward slanting of the eyes.
239
When the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged unilateraly, what happens to the tongue?
It deviates toward the affected side
240
What is euchromatin?
uncondensed and active DNA
241
What innervates the diaphragm?
C3, C4,C5 keeps the diaphragm alive. These are the phrenic nerve
242
Where does lymph drain from a mammary gland?
axillary lymph nodes
243
What structures pass through the gaps above the superior pharyngeal constrictor?
Auditory tube, levator palatine muscles, ascending palatine artery
244
What are the two groups of pharyngeal muscles? What is unique about them?
The external circular and the internal longitudinal. This is the only place in the alimentary tract that has a circular layer as the external layer.
245
What two vessels come together to form the superior vena cava?
The right and left brachiocephalic veins
246
What is a langerhan cell?
An antigen presenting cell near the skin
247
What is the border of the muscular triangle?
sternocleidomastoid, superior omohyoid, midline
248
The pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems do what in the brain?
They are where the upper motor neurons originate and aid in transporting motor signals from the motor cortex to the corresponding area in the body.
249
What are the macrophages in the central nervous system called?
Oligodendrocytes
250
Digeorge syndrome
deletion on chromosome 22 that will cause absent or underdeveloped Thymus. Pts with this lack T cells and have severe immunodeficiency.
251
Hirschsprungs disease:
absence of myenteric plexus so no parasympathetic innervation of intestines. This causes decreased motility.
252
Where does the blood supply come from for the sigmoid colon
sigmoid branches of inf. Mesenteric
253
What embryonic layer is the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands from?
Parotid – ectoderm
submandibular and sublingual – endoderm
254
Which recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer?
The left, as it loops around the aorta instead of the subclavian artery.
255
In muscular hypertrophy is it the number of cells that increase, size of cells, or both?
Just the size NOT the number, although components of the muscle cell increase like myofibrils.
256
Which nerve exits from the pons?
CN V
257
Where do N-linked glycosylations occur in the cell? Where do O-linked glycosylations occur?
N-linked in the ER, O-linked in the Golgi
258
Where are the hemiazygos and accessory azygos veins located?
The left side. The accessory azygos runs up the thoracic cavity, and the hemiazygos travels down towards the abdominal area.
259
What are the four layers of the enamel organ?
1. Outer enamel epithelium
2. Stellate reticulum
3. Stratum intermedium
4. inner enamel epithelium
260
What are the two important anastamoses of the face?
1. the deep facial vein and the pterygoid venous plexus
2. The anterior facial vein and the cavernous sinus (caused by the superior ophthalmic vein communicating with the angular vein)
261
Which vein accompanies the anterior interventricular artery? The posterior interventricular artery?
Anterior- great cardiac vein
posterior – middle cardiac vein
262
What is the action of the external and internal intercostal muscles?
External raise the ribs during inspiration, internal depress ribs during expiration
263
Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found?
auricle of ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis
264
What is the precursor cell to the ameloblast?
inner enamel epithelium
265
What is the difference between parakeratinized tissue and orthokeratinized tissue?
parakeratinized tissue contains nuclei
266
What type of collagen is in dentin?
mainly Type I and a little of type III and V
267
Where are eccrine weat glands found? Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
eccrine - over the whole body
| apocrine - in armpits and genital areas
268
What is the different between A-alpha, A-beta, and A-delta nerve fibers?
A-alpha does proprioception
A-beta does touch
A-delta does pain and temperature
269
How many platelets are in a microliter of blood?
150,000-400,000
270
Where is type three collagen found?
reticular fibers
271
Which bone cell is multinucleated? why?
• Osteoclasts (they are formed from the fusion of 50 monocytes)
272
Where is bitter perceived on the tongue?
On the back
273
What are the three stages of development of the kidney in order of most immature to most mature?
pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros
274
What does the pterygopalatine fossa house?
o The maxillary artery and nerve
o branches of the maxillary like infraorbital, sphenopalatine
o V-2
Pterygopalatine ganglion
275
What are the 3 external circular muscles of the pharynx?
Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.
276
Which area of the brain houses the reticular formation?
medulla oblongata
277
What are the 3 inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
278
What innervates the teres minor?
branch of axillary nerve
279
What innervates the respiratory muscles other than the diaphragm?
The intercostal nerve
280
What is ataxia?
a dysfunction in the cerebellum that causes abnormal gait and uncoordinated movements
281
How is cementum different than enamel?
Cementum has collagen and cellular companents. It is also softer.
282
What are the of the 2nd pharyngeal pouches?
palatine tonsils
283
What is Oddi’s sphincter?
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum.
284
What are the vessels that supply blood to the nasal cavity?
o Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (branches of the ophthalmic) supplies the superior nasal cavity
o Sphenopalatine a. (branch of maxillary) supplies majority of the cavity
o Greater palatine a. (branch of maxillary) supplies septum
o Superior labial artery (branch of facial) supplies vestibule
285
What are the derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouches?
superior parathyroid glands
286
What shift in epithelium happens from the esophagus to the stomach?
Stratified squamous to simple columnar
287
What runs through the sphenopalatine foramen?
Sphenopalatine a. and v., nasopalatine n.
288
what organs are lined with stratified columnar epithelium?
large ducts of salivary glands, male urethra
289
what organs are lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium?
ducts of sweat glands
290
What cranial sinuses are housed in the tentorium cerebelli?
straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses
291
The bronchial arteries derive from what vessels?
The right comes from the third posterior intercostal artery. The left two come from the thoracic aorta directly.
292
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the small intestine?
Sympathetic is splanchnic nerve, parasympathetic is vagus nerve
293
Are the nerve fibers in the optic disk myelinated or unmyelinated?
unmyelinated , but they become myelinated once they enter the optic nerve
294
What is the membrane the covers newly erupted teeth called?
Nasmyth's membrane or secondary enamel cuticle
it is derived from oral epithelium
295
What is the border of the submental triangle?
anterior digastric, hyoid bone, midline
296
What sensory organ is the major organ in the utricle and saccule of the ear?
macula
297
Which papillae do not contain taste buds?
Filiform
298
What is vestibular signs?
a cerebellar dysfunction that causes nystagmus and head tilt
299
What are the two types of epithelium surrounding each tooth?
Junctional epithelium and sulcular epithelium. These two together make up the dentogingival junctional tissues
300
What does the circular group of ligaments do in the periodontium?
they encircle the tooth
301
Which tonsils contain crypts?
Palatine (has many), LIngual tonsils (has one crypt each)
302
What are the two layers of junctional epithelium?
1. basal layer
| 2. suprabasal layer
303
What is the macula densa and what does it do?
In the kidney, It’s a collection of cells lining the distal tubule. They do two things if they sense low sodium
o Decrease resistance in afferent arteriole
o Increases renin secretion
304
What are the two layers of basal lamina?
lamina lucida - layer closest to epithelium
| lamina densa - layer closer to CT
305
What organs are lined with simple columnar epithelium?
small, large intestine, stomach, gallbladder (internal lining of GI tract)
uterus, salivary gland ducts,
306
What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
307
What type of cartilage is in the nose?
hyaline cartilage
308
How does the spleen differ from the kidney in general anatomy?
Spleen lacks lobes, cortex and medulla
309
What organs are lined with simple squamous epithelium?
lining of the endothelium of the aorta, alveoli, mesothelium of body cavities and coats organs in these cavities
310
Which spinal nerve is the only nerve that does not play a role in dermatomes?
C1
311
At what week of embryonic development can the sex be determined?
The 8th week due to the presence or absence of a Barr body.
312
Do veins in the head and neck have valves?
Generally NO
313
Where is acellular cementum located?
near the DEJ (the coronal 2/3 of the root)
314
What is the innervation of the iliacus muscle?
Femoral nerve
315
What hormone is secreted after a fatty food is eaten to stimulate the gall bladder contraction?
Cholecystokinin
316
What is the otic ganglion?
the ganglion for CN IX, it receives sensory input from the parotid gland
317
What is the diaphragma sellae?
A ring shaped fold meningeal structure that allows the passage of the infundibulum to the pituitary gland.
318
What is the border of the subclavian triangle?
sternocleidomastoideus, inferior omohyoid, clavicle
319
What is the border of the carotid triangle?
sternocleidomastoideus, superior omohyoid, posterior digastric
320
What is the rest of the nasal cavity other than the vestibule lined with?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
321
Where is type one collagen found?
bone
322
What is the main distinguishing feature of the jejunum?
Plicae circulares, thick wall
323
What are the three types of cells in the cerebellum? What are the differences between them?
1. Purkinje cells: inhibits deep cerebellar nuclei
2. Granule cells: excites purkinje cells
3. Basket cells: inhibits purkinje cells
324
What is the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?
Bregma
325
Where are the fungiform papillae mainly located?
Tip and sides of tongue
326
What innervates all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyoid muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
327
What is the copula?
A second median swelling from the 2-4 arches that forms the posterior third of the tongue.
328
Where is the cricothyroid membrane penetrated by the recurrent laryngeal artery?
from behind the cricothyroid joint
329
What are Hunter-Shreger bands?
alternating light-to-dark bands that appear in the enamel. They are an optical appearance produced from the change in direction of enamel rods.
330
What are parietal cells?
Cells in the stomach that secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
331
What are the macrophages in the peripheral nervous system called?
Schwann Cells or neurolemmocytes
332
What vein does the azygos drain into?
The superior vena cava
333
What are the nerves derived from each pharyngeal arch?
o 1st- V2 and V3
o 2nd – Facial
o 3rd – glossopharyngeal
o 4th – superior laryngeal branch of vagus
o 6th – recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus
334
Cartilage derivatives of the 1st arch
malleus and incus, part of sphenoid bone
335
what tract is responsible for coordination of body movement and posture?
rubrospinal tract
336
What origin are the cartilage, nerve, vascular and muscular components of each pharyngeal arch?
Neural crest EXCEPT the cartilage in the 4-6 arches (they come from the mesoderm)
337
What is an important nutrient that is absorbed in the ileum that distinguishes it from the others?
Vitamin B12
338
What is the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid?
Ansa cervicalis C1-C3
339
What epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
340
What is the name of the main excretory duct from the pancreas?
The duct of Wirsung
341
What innervates the Pectoralis major?
medial and lateral pectoral nerves
342
What are the branches of the subclavian arteries?
```
“VIT amin C and D”
o Vertebral
o Internal thoracic
o Thyrocervical
o Costocervical
o Dorsal scapular
```
343
What is kleinfelters syndrome?
An XXY syndrome in males
344
What are the derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal pouches?
tympanic membrane, auditory tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum
345
What are zymogenic cells?
Chief cells in the stomach that secrete pepsinogen
346
What is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?
The medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate
347
What are emissary veins?
They connect dural sinuses to the scalp
348
What muscle cell regenerates due to a satellite cell?
Skeletal muscle cell
349
What are the two compartments of the TMJ and what movements are associated with them?
The lower part: hinge movements, and the upper part: gliding movements
350
What is intertubular dentin?
Forms between the dentinal tubules, has dense collagen
351
What runs through the pterygoid canal?
Deep and greater petrosal nerves, area vessels
352
What is the main features of the ileum?
No plicae circulares
presence of peyer’s patches
Paneth cells
Also has Thin walls
353
Which nerve travels with the lingual nerve to the tongue?
Chorda tympani
354
What is the subclavian vein anterior to?
The anterior scalene muscle (the subclavian artery passes posterior to this muscle)
355
What is the border of the occipital triangle?
sternocleidomastoideus, trapezius, inferior omohyoid
356
What does the transseptal group of ligaments do in the periodontium?
it runs form the cementum of one tooth to the cementum of an adjacent tooth.
357
What organs are considered intraperitoneal? (7)
stomach, jejunum, ileum, spleen, transverse colon, liver, and gallbladder
358
What nerve, if it is injured, would cause dry eye?
greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve)
359
What does the chorda tympani innervate?
parasympathetic to the submandibular gland and taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
360
What is the lifespan of an RBC?
120 days
361
What drains into the infundibulum of the middle meatus?
The anterior ethmoidal sinuses
362
What vessel is involved in a subdural hematoma?
bridging vein
363
What 10 structures come from the mesoderm?
```
o Heart
o Blood
o Dermis
o Muscles
o Vessels
o Dura mater
o Adrenal cortex
o Bone
o Spleen
o Kidney
```
364
Which nerve becomes the posterior vagal trunk? Which becomes the anterior vagal trunk?
right vagus nerve, left vagus nerve
365
What are the types of bone in an alveolar process?
Outer bone is the cortical plate, deep bone is central spongiosa, and inner bone (against the tooth) is alveolar bone proper or "bundle bone"
366
Is histamine positively charged or negatively charged?
Positively charged
367
What innervates the teres major?
lower subscapular nerve
368
What are Korff's fibers?
reticular fibers that pass from the pulp into the matrix of the dentin
369
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Symphysis
370
Where does the blood supply come from for the Appendix
appendicular artery (branch of posterior cecal artery)
371
What is the first muscle pierced by the needle during an IAN block?
The buccinators
372
What travels through the posterior of the diaphragm with the aorta?
The thoracic duct and azygos vein
373
What are enamel spindles?
short dentinal tubules that extend into the enamel from the dentin
374
What are the derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouches?
inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
375
Hassall’s corpuscles
cells in the medulla of thymus
376
What do delta cells secrete?
Somatostatin
