Anatomy Ch.2 and Ch.3 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
pH scale
A
indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
2
Q
Neutral pH
A
pH of 7, indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
3
Q
Acidic ph
A
pH less than 7, indicates greater concentration of H+
4
Q
Basic (or Alkaline) pH
A
pH greater than 7, indicates greater concentration of OH-
5
Q
What are the 4 organic substances?
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
6
Q
What are the 4 inorganic substances?
A
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts
7
Q
organic molecules
A
contain carbon and hydrogen, larger than inorganic molecules, dissolve in water and organic lipids
8
Q
inorganic molecules
A
don’t contain carbon and hydrogen, smaller than organic molecules, dissociate in water, forming ions
9
Q
Water
A
- most abundant compound in living material
- 2/3 of weight of adult human
- major component of all body fluids
- medium for most metabolic reactions
- important role in transporting chemicals in body
- absorbs and transports heat
10
Q
Oxygen
A
- used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
- necessary for survival
11
Q
Carbon Dioxide
A
- waste product released during metabolic reactions
- must be removed from the body
12
Q
Inorganic Salts
A
- abundant in body fluids
- sources of necessary ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, etc)
- play important roles in metabolism
13
Q
Metabolic reaction
A
multi step process that turns your food into energy
14
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- provide energy to cells
- supply materials to build cell structures
- contain C, H, and O
15
Q
Disaccharide
A
a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are conjoined, made of sucrose and lactose
16
Q
Polysaccharide
A
a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of multiple sugar molecules bonded together, made of glycogen and cellulose
17
Q
Glycogen
A
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners
18
Q
Glycogen
A
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners
19
Q
Lipids
A
fats, soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water, lipids contain number of compounds which are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
20
Q
triglyceride
A
used primarily for energy, most common lipid in your body, building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
21
Q
saturated fat
A
type of fat that contains single bonds
22
Q
unsaturated fat
A
type of fat that contains one or more double bonds
23
Q
polyunsaturated fats
A
many double bonds in the fatty acids, is better for you
24
Q
monounsaturated fat
A
contains single bonds in the fatty acids
25
what are the building blocks of fat molecules
fatty acids and glycerol
26
phospholipids
building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule
27
phospholipids are major components in what
cell membranes
28
Steroids
complex structures, 4 connected rings of carbon, components of cell membranes, widely distributed in the body, used to synthesize hormones, cholesterol is a very important steroid
29
Do water and fats mix
no, water and fats do not mix
30
How do cell membranes keep water out of the cell
with fats (phospholipids), water doesn't mix with fats so won't go through it, the water has to enter through protein channels
31
Proteins
structural material, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies
32
What are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
33
Amino acids are held together by what
peptide bonds
34
When 2 amino acids come together you get a
peptide bond
35
you have strands of protein in _______
literally everything
36
enzymes
speed up chemical chemical reactions and are not changed by the reaction which means they can be reused (recyclable), they do degrade after awhile so you need new ones eventually
37
all enzymes are what
proteins
38
NH2
amine group
39
antibodies
proteins that are used to defend us from sickness "denaturing of proteins"
40
What are some examples of proteins being denatured
Basically denaturing protein is a process where something modifies the molecular structure of a protein
heat can denature protein (melt)
radiation can denature protein (sun ultraviolet radiation)
electricity can denature protein
chemicals can denature protein
41
Nucleic acids
carry genes, encode amino acid sequences of proteins
42
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides (which are made up of phosphate, sugar and a base)
43
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, double polynucleotide, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce
44
RNA
ribonucleic acid, single polynucleotide, carries genetic information and creates proteins
45
DNA and RNA live where
the nucleus of the cell
46
How is DNA shaped
its double stranded and it forms a double helix structure
47
How is RNA shaped
just single stranded structure
48
t-RNA
transport RNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
49
m-RNA
messenger RNA, tells ribosomes what amino acids are needed in a specific protein and what order to put them in during protein synthesis
50
r-RNA
Ribosomal RNA, reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together, and congrats the cell has made a protein through a process called protein synthesis
51
protein synthesis
process in which cells make proteins
52
basic organizational structure of the human body is the
cell (you started as one cell and you no have become trillions of cells)
53
How many cells are there in the human body
50-100 trillion
54
Differentiation
where unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions (an example is the cells in your lung carry out different functions than the cells in your brain)
55
As a result in differentiation cells vary in _______ and ________ due to their unique function
size, shape
56
In differentiation cells specialize through.....
DNA, there are on and off switches, skin cells + eye cells + any cell come from one cell when you are created
57
major parts of composite cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
58
Cell Membrane
outer limit of cell, controls what comes in and out of cell, selectively permeable (allowing water to come in)
59
Phospholipid bilayer
two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic (water hating) interior and a hydrophilic (water loving) exterior..... make sure to study diagrams
60
What stabilizes the cell membrane
cholesterol (It stabilizes the cell membrane and keeps it safe which also keeps the cell safe), Cholesterol is important, too much will make you fat but it is necessary for survival
61
Fluid mosaic model
most accepted model of cell membrane, its a double layered sea of phospholipids with globular proteins floating in it (on page 81 in book)
62
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
guide cells on the move, they help with repairing injury
63
Selectin (type of CAM)
allows white blood cell to "anchor" (white blood cell going through your body spots an injury up ahead, a splinter lets say, so it must slow down in the turbulence of the bloodstream to help out the injury, this type of CAM, selectin coats the white blood cell and provides traction and the white blood cell "anchors" at the site of the injury)
64
Integrin (type of CAM)
guides white blood cells through the capillary walls (basically makes a passageway for white blood cells to come join in to help the injury, the gathering of all these white blood cells causes inflammation)
65
What biochemical causes inflammation
histamine, histamine is secreted by cells when you're injured
66
cytoplasm
jello-like substance that holds all the organelles, the organelles are surrounded by membranes which separate them from the cytoplasm
67
Endoplasmic Reticulum
connected membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles, is the transport system and predominantly transports proteins (protein synthesis)
68
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes
69
Where does protein synthesis take place
ribosomes
70
Smooth ER
don't have ribosomes on it, lipid synthesis driving from rough ER, break down drugs
71
Rough and Smooth ER working together
Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes (which are on rough ER) and those proteins are transported by the Rough ER to the Smooth ER, the smooth ER can transport those proteins to other parts of the cell
72
Ribosomes
free floating or connected to Rough ER, provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form proteins
73
Golgi apparatus
stack of flattened membranous sacs, modifies packages and delivers proteins
proteins from the smooth ER are received here where they will be transported to their final destinations
74
cisternae
the little packages in the Golgi apparatus
75
Vesicles
membranous sacs, store substances, basically storage organelles
76
mitochondria
membranous sacs with inner partitions (partitions are sac like organelles called Cristae), generate energy, ATP production, enzymes of Krebs cycle live in mitochondria
77
anaerobic
produces ATP automatically
78
aerobic
needs production of oxygen, when you're running you are low on oxygen, limited ATP and lactic acid in your muscles
79
Lysosomes
enzyme containing sacs, digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances, basically the trash cans of cells
80
Peroxisomes
enzyme containing sacs, break down organic molecules, degrades chemicals that get into you, detoxifies alcohol
81
Centrosome
two rod like centrioles (the two rods are called centrioles), used to produce flagellum and cilia, distributes chromosomes during cell division
82
Cilia
short hair like projections, propel substances on cell surface
83
Flagellum
long tail-like projections, provides mobility to sperm
84
Microfilaments and Microtubules
thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles
85
Inclusions
temporary nutrients and pigments, they don't have activity like other organelles
86
Nucleus
brain of the cell, contains genetic material, most dense part of a cell
87
Nuclear Envelope
porous double membrane, separates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm (yes the nucleus has its own kind of cum.. I mean cytoplasm)
88
Nucleolus
Dense collection of RNA and proteins, site of ribosome production
89
Chromatin
fibers of DNA and proteins, stores information for synthesis of proteins
90
Passive Transport
process of transporting substances through the cell membrane that does not require energy
91
Simple diffusion
type of passive transport, movement of sub from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid soluble substances
92
Brownian motion
random movement of particle in a liquid or gas, example is pollen on water)
93
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion across membrane with help of a channel of carrier molecule (globular protein), example is transport of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream into the cell
94
Osmosis
movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, water moves toward higher concentration of solutes
95
osmotic pressure
ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water (osmotic pressure measures the pressure inside and outside the cell membrane)
96
Isotonic
same osmotic pressure equal volumes of water enter and leave the cell, size and shape of the cell remain the same
97
Hypertonic
higher osmotic pressure, more water leaves the cell than enters it, the cell shrinks
98
Hypotonic
lower osmotic pressure, more water enters than leaves, the cell gets larger and can even burst
99
Filtration
smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes, example in the body blood pressure forces smaller molecules through tiny opening in the capillary wall
100
Active transport
carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of lighter concentration (uses cellular energy)
101
cells own version of homeostasis
when unwanted substances go into the cell 40% of the cells ATP is used to pumping them right back out
102
Endocytosis
cells engulf a substance by forming a vesicle around a substance
103
Pinocytosis
type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by the forming of a vesicle is mostly water
104
Phagocytosis
type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by a vesicle is a solid
105
Receptor mediated endocytosis
requires substance to bind to a membrane bound receptor (protein)
106
Exocytosis
opposite of endocytosis, substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane, contents are released outside of the cell, exocytosis sometimes releases particles such as newly synthesized proteins
