Anatomy, Clinical Image Production & Evaluation

Question 1

It drains blood from the breast to the internal mammary vein

Answer 1

Circulus Venosus

Question 2

They serve to lubricate the nipple and areola during lactation

Answer 2

Areolar Glands

Question 3

Normal lymph nodes are typically wider than deep

Answer 3

True

Question 4

This breast segment extends from the upper outer quadrant of the breast into the axilla

Answer 4

Axillary tail of Spence

Question 5

The milk ejection reflex, contraction of the lactiferous ducts and uterine contraction are processes due to what hormone?

Answer 5

Oxytocin

Question 6

The mammary zone is the most frequent site of breast disease

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What condition is thought to be the primary cause of gynecomastia

Answer 7

High concentration of estrogen

Question 8

The most important route for lymphatic drainage of the breast is:

Answer 8

To the axillary nodes via the posterior intercostal nodes

Question 9

The post menopausal breast is composed primarily of which type of tissue?

Answer 9

Fat

Question 10

Intramammary lymphatic drainage pathways converge at an area located beneath the nipple known as the:

Answer 10

Plexus of Sappey

Question 11

It contains a large number of Cooper’s ligaments

Answer 11

The subcutaneous layer of the breast

Question 12

The internal mammary chain of lymph nodes drains approximately what percent of the breast’s lymph?

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

Breast Sonography is referred to as hyper/hypoechoic in relationship to what structure?

Answer 13

Fat

Question 14

Fatty degeneration of the solid content in the alveoli when lactation begins

Answer 14

Colostrum

Question 15

Hyperechoic, horizontal band that separates the pectoral muscles from the overlying glandular and fatty tissue

Answer 15

Deep fascia of the breast

Question 16

The principal source of blood to the breast is

Answer 16

The Internal Mammary Artery

Question 17

The Ampullae of the lactiferus ducts serve what purpose?

Answer 17

Store quantities of milk prior to nursing

Question 18

Stromal Elements of the breast

Answer 18

Loose connective tissue, fat and skin

Question 19

Approximately how many lobes does each breast contain?

Answer 19

15-20

Question 20

Located between the superficial and retromammary layer

Answer 20

Mammary zone

Question 21

The basic functional component of the human breast

Answer 21

The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

Question 22

Sometimes visible with high frequency US transducers, what could be seen if following ducts from the nipple back to their origin where small hypoechoic spaces may be identified

Answer 22

Alveoli

Question 23

During the 4th week of gestation, the breasts initially develop from the:

Answer 23

Ectoderm

Question 24

Contains sebaceous areolar glands called the glands of Montgomery

Answer 24

The Areola

Question 25

The lymph nodes located medially along the inner aspect of the breast behind the sternum are called:

Answer 25

Internal mammary nodes

Question 26

Each TDLU consists of an extra lobular terminal duct and a lobule

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The most significant difference between the normal and pathological lymph node is:

Answer 27

The presence of an echogenic central hilum

Question 28

Signs of pathological lymph nodes:

Answer 28

Cortical hypertrophy Partial/complete loss of central hilum Rounding of the node Cortical flow

Question 29

An extremely dense breast on a mammogram is challenging for the Rad because:

Answer 29

Fibrous tissue masks possible lesions

Question 30

A liquid similar to colostrum, which is secreted by the newborn

Answer 30

Witch’s Milk

Question 31

What hormone is secreted by the Anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 31

Prolactin

Question 32

What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 32

Oxytocin

Question 33

Women with extremely dense breast tissue on mammogram have an increased risk of cancer

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Milk travels through the ducts commencing with the basic functional unit into?

Answer 34

TDLU, segmental ducts, major subareolar ducts, ampulla, nipple

Question 35

Regarding duct ecstasia, Ultrasound may demonstrate ducts as anechoic or with fine internal echoes

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Approximate increase in breast cancer detection when US is used as a supplemental screening tool for women with dense breasts

Answer 36

40%

Question 37

The glands of Montgomery thicken the:

Answer 37

Areola

Question 38

Fat lobules in the subcutaneous layer are larger than the lobules in the retromammary layer

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Also known as interpectoral nodes, they lay between the pectoralis minor and major muscles

Answer 39

Rotter’s nodes

Question 40

A postmenopausal patient, not on HRT would most likely have which type of breast tissue

Answer 40

Fatty breast tissue

Question 41

Male breast cancer risk factors:

Answer 41

Advanced age Radiation exposure to the chest at a young age Occupational heat exposure Treatment for prostate cancer w/ estrogen-based hormones leading to hyperestrogenism Fam history of br ca in first degree relative BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation

Question 42

If a patient is undergoing HRT, the involution process is:

Answer 42

Delayed

Question 43

Blood is supplied to the medial breast via the:

Answer 43

Perforating arteries

Question 44

The target zone in the TDLU is the site of what percentage of precancerous epithelial proliferations?

Answer 44

50%

Question 45

In a non-lactating patient, ducts should not exceed____ in size

Answer 45

2mm

Question 46

The male breast contains no coopers ligaments

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Approximately what % of women have mammographically dense breasts?

Answer 47

40%

Question 48

The mammary layer is located:

Answer 48

Between the superficial and deep layers of the superficial pectoral fascia

Question 49

According to the BI-RADS Lexicon description of breast composition, describe breast composition category C

Answer 49

The breasts are heterogeneously dense

Question 50

What is the screening recommendation for transgender women aged 50 or older

Answer 50

When the patient is receiving hormone treatment for more than 5 years

Question 51

The most common benign male breast mass:

Answer 51

Gynecomastia

Question 52

Milk is produced when prolactin levels are ____ and Estrogen/Progesterone levels are ____

Answer 52

High, Low

Question 53

Stromal element of the breast

Answer 53

Skin

Question 54

The anastomotic circle of venous drainage around the base of the nipple is aka

Answer 54

Circulus Venosus

Question 55

Most common reason to image the male breast

Answer 55

Asymmetry or enlargement

Question 56

Which week of gestation does the mammary bud become evident

Answer 56

5th week

Question 57

Parenchymal element of the breast

Answer 57

Alveoli

Question 58

The junction of the intra (ITD) and extralobular terminal duct (ETD) labeled T is known as the:

Answer 58

Target Zone

Question 59

The male breast lacks

Answer 59

Acini, lobules and coopers ligaments

Question 60

Parenchymal elements of the breast

Answer 60

Lobules, lobes, ducts and acini

Question 61

Stromal elements of the breast

Answer 61

Skin, loose connective tissue and fat