Anatomy Definition Lists Flashcards
1
Q
What is an anastomosis?
A
- communication between 2 blood vessels
2
Q
What is the aorta?
A
- main artery of the body
- all arteries derive from the aorta
3
Q
Which valve and part of the heart does the ascending aorta come from?
A
- aortic valve
- left ventricle
4
Q
What is the aortic arch?
A
- joins ascending and descending aorta
5
Q
Which vertebrae does the aortic arch end at?
A
-T4
6
Q
What connects the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk?
A
- ligamentum arteriosum
- remnant of the foetal ductus arteriosus
7
Q
What are the blood vessels that arise from the aortic arch?
A
- brachiocephalic artery (right only)
- left common carotid artery - left sub clavian artery
8
Q
What is an auricle?
A
- small pouch in the wall of each atrium
- functions to ⬆️ capacity of the heart
9
Q
What are coronary arteries?
A
- arteries supplying the heart with blood
10
Q
What is the coronary sinus?
A
- largest vein supplying the heart
- coronary veins drain blood into right atrium
11
Q
Where is the mediastinum in the chest?
A
- space in thorax
- between pleural spaces (left and right lung)
12
Q
What is contained within the mediastinum?
A
- heart
- aorta
- trachea
- oesophagus
- thymus gland
- nerves
- lymphatics and
13
Q
What do the tricuspid and mitral valves separate?
A
- tricuspid = right atrium and ventricle
- mitral = left atrium and ventricle
14
Q
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
A
- C3, 4 and 5 keeps us alive
- only nerve to innervate the diaphragm
15
Q
Where does the phrenic nerve enter the thorax?
A
- through superior thoracic aperture
16
Q
Where does the right phrenic nerve descend once it has entered the superior thoracic aperture?
A
- descends anteriorly along the right lung root
- runs alongside the right pericardium of the heart
- enters diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening
17
Q
Where does the left phrenic nerve descend once it has entered the superior thoracic aperture?
A
- descends anteriorly along the left lung root
- crosses the aortic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve
- runs alongside the left pericardium of the heart
- enters diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening
18
Q
What is the sole purpose of the motor function of the phrenic nerve?
A
- innervate the diaphragm
19
Q
In addition to motor function, the phrenic nerve provides sensory information. Where does it provide sensory information from?
A
- central tendon of the diaphragm
- pericardium
- parietal pleura
20
Q
Can the visceral and parietal pleura feel pain?
A
- parietal yes from phrenic nerve
- visceral no from vague nerve (stretch only)
21
Q
When looking at the heart anteriorly, out of the pulmonary veins supplying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, and the pulmonary arteries carrying de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, which is superior and inferior?
A
- pulmonary arteries are superior
- pulmonary veins are inferior
22
Q
What is regurgitation in the heart?
A
- blood flow backwards into the heart
- generally due to defective valves
23
Q
What is the sinoatrial node of the heart?
A
- specialised cardiac muscle
- located in upper wall of atrium
- junction of superior vena cava
- pacemaker of the heart
24
Q
What is stenosis?
A
- narrowing of an opening, blood vessel or valve
25
Where does the vagus nerve originate from?
- tenth cranial nerve (X)
26
Is the vagus nerve parasympathetic or sympathetic?
- parasympathetic
27
What are some of the contents of the thoracic cavity that the vagus nerve innervates?
- heart
- swallowing
- lungs
- taste in oral cavity
28
What are the 2 joints where the respective vertebrae form a joint with the ribs?
- costovertebral joint (body of vertebrae)
- costotransverse joint (extension of vertebrae)
29
What is the name of the joint where the ribs joins the hyaline cartilage?
- costo = rib
- chondral = cartilage
- costochondral joint
30
What is the name of the joint where the hyaline cartilage joins the sternum?
- sterno = sternum
- chondral = cartilage
- sternochondral joint
31
Which ribs are aytipcal and typical?
- aytipcal = 1-2 and 10-12
- typical = 3-9
32
Why is rib 1 aytipcal?
- only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
33
Why is rib 2 aytipcal?
- has additional tuberosity
- allows muscle attachments
34
Why is rib 10 aytipcal?
- only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
35
Why are ribs 11 and 12 aytipcal?
- only 1 articulating facet on head instead of 2
- they have no necks
36
Which ribs forms a joint the mediastinal/angle of louis joint?
- rib 2
37
How is it possible to distinguish between the intercostal muscles?
- external = angle down towards pockets
- internal = angle upwards towards heart
- innermost = straight down
38
What runs in the groove on the inferior border of the ribs?
- intercostal vein
- intercostal artery
- intercostal nerve
39
Where does the trachea divide at the carina into the primary bronchi in relation to the vertebrae?
- T3-T4
- sternal angle / angle of louis
40
A tracheotomy is an incision into the trachea to create an airway and helps people breathe if the upper airways are blocked. Where should the incision be made on the trachea?
- horizontal line
- below cricoid cartilage and between rings
- above suprasternal notch
41
What does the bucket handle refer to in breathing?
- lateral part of ribs resemble bucket handle
- raising bucket handle increases chest capacity
- ⬆️ lateral capacity
42
What does the pump handle refer to in breathing?
- sternum resembles a pump
- pump raises and increases chest capacity
- ⬆️ posterior/anterior capacity
43
How many lobes are in the right and left lung?
- left = 2 - upper and lower
- right = 3
- upper, lower and middle
44
What is the apices of the lung, and were can it be located?
- tip of lungs
- 2-3 cm above mid clavicle
45
Where does the mid axillary line run?
- vertically down from middle of armpit
46
Where does the mid clavicular line run?
- vertically down from middle of clavicle
47
Is the lower lobe easier to hear anteriorly or posteriorly?
- posterior
48
Is the upper lobe easier to hear anteriorly or posteriorly?
- anterior
- above rib 4 on right side
49
When we fully inspire, roughly where will the inferior margin of the lung be?
- rib 10
50
When we fully expire, roughly where will the inferior margin of the lung be?
- rib 8-9
- moves vertically 1-2 ribs
51
On the right lung is the horizontal fissure, separating the upper and middle, and lower and middle lobs. Which rib can this be located on the chest?
- 4th rib
52
What is the anatomical landmark on the chest for the oblique fissure on the left and right lung?
- 6th rib
53
The pleural membrane of the lungs reflects (bends around corners). What are the anatomical landmarks where these reflections occur relative to the midclavicular and midaxillary lines?
- 8th rib in mid clavicular line
- 10th rib in midaxillary line, then follows level of 12th rib
54
What are the 3 parts of the pleura seperating the lungs and thoracic cage?
- visceral pleura
- parietal space
- parietal pleura
55
Where do the visceral and parietal pleura receive their innervation from?
- sympathetic chain from T5-T12
- parasympathetic from vagus nerve
56
What are the 4 regions of the parietal pleura, basically where reflections occur?
1 - cervical
2 -costal
3 - diaphragmatic
4 - mediastinal
57
What is, and where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located in the thorax?
- outside base of each lung
- anatomical dead space allowing lungs to expand
- collects pleural fluid
58
When looking at the mediastinal surface of left lung, what are the 3 main parts of the mediastinum (CVD wise) that would cause impressions?
1 - arch of aorta
2 - descending thoracic aorta
3 - cardiac impression
59
What is the root of the lungs?
- collection of structures connecting the lung to the mediastinum
60
What is the hilum of the lungs?
- place on the lung where these structures enter and leave the lung
61
What makes up the lung root?
- primary bronchi
- pulmonary veins
- pulmonary arteries
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves
62
Where is the lingual located on the lungs?
- anterior surface
- inferior medial border
63
What 2 cavities does the diaphragm seperate?
- thoracic
- abdominal
64
Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm arise from and converge (meet up)?
- margins of the inferior thoracic aperture
- converge into the central tendon
65
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
- xiphoid process
- costal margin (ribs 6-12)
- crura ligaments from sides of lumbar vertebrae
66
When a patient is lying and standing the position of the diaphragm changes due to internal organs. Which rib would the diaphragm be likely to align with when lying and standing?
- lying = 5th rib
- standing 6-7th rib
67
Where do the left and right internal thoracic arteries begin?
- left and right subclavian arteries
68
Where does the left and right internal thoracic arteries run?
- posterior to 1-6 costal cartilages then bifurcates
- 1cm lateral to the sternum
69
Where do the left and right pericardiophrenic arteries begin?
- from internal thoracic arteries at 1st rib
70
Where do the left and right pericardiophrenic arteries run?
- alongside phrenic nerve
- alongside mediastinum
71
If someone were to swallow something, would the object get trapped in the right or left primary bronchi?
- right
- follows line of trachea better
72
Which nerves supply the costal pleura?
- intercostal nerves
73
Which nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura?
- phrenic nerves
74
What is a pneumothorax?
- collapsed lung
- air in pleural space ⬇️ volume and ⬆️ pressure
75
What is a pleural effusion?
- fluid in pleural space
76
What is the anatomical landmark on the chest for the apex location?
- on midclavicular line
- fifth intercostal space
77
Where can the loudest point of the heart be heard using a stethoscope?
- apex of heart beat.
- midclavicular line on fifth intercostal space
- called apex beat
78
Where is the base of the heart?
- top when looking anteriorly
- formed by the atrium (mostly the left)
79
What is the name of the plane that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?
- transthoracic plane / plane of ludwig
- occurs at T4 at angle of louis / sternal angle
80
What location on the chest does the aortic arch end?
- T4
- angle of Louis / sternal angle
81
What location on the chest does the trachea bifurcate?
- T4
- angle of Louis / sternal angle
82
What location on the chest does the azygos vein drain into SVC?
- T4
- angle of Louis / sternal angle
83
What are the 3 layers of the heart, moving from inside of heart to outside?
- innermost = endocardium
- middle = myocardium (myo = muscle)
- outermost = epicardrium (epi = outer)
84
What is attached to the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves that is important for them to open and close effectively?
- chordae tendineae
85
The chordae tendineae that help the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves open and close need to attach to the walls of the inner heart. What muscles allow this attachment?
- papillary muscles
- 3 in right ventricle (tricuspid valve has 3 flaps)
- 2 in left ventricle (bicuspid/mitral valve has 2 flaps)
86
What is the fossa ovalis, also referred to as the foramen?
- scar tissue connecting right and left atrium
87
What is the muscle separating the right and left ventricle called?
- intraventricular septum
88
In a similar way to the pleura of the lungs the heart also has a pleural space. What are the 3 layers make up the pericardium, including the space?
- serrous pericardium visceral layer
- pericardial space
- serrous pericardium parietal layer
89
What is the outer most layer of the heart called?
- fibrous pericardium
- normally has a layer of fat on it called pericardial fat
90
What are the 3 functions of the fibrous pericardium?
- anchor the heart
- protect the heart
- stop the heart from over filling
91
What are nodal cells?
- called funny channels, specialised myocytes
- cells able to spontaneously produce an action potential
- no external stimulus needed from ANS
92
What is the flow of the conducting system of the heart?
- SA node
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibres
93
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the tricuspid valve is located?
Remember aptm 2245
- aptm is read as apartment
OR **A**ll **_P_**rostitues **_T_**ake **_M_**oney
- right of sternum
- 4th intercostal space
94
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the mitral valve is located?
Remember aptm 2245
- aptm is read as apartment
OR All Prostitues Take Money
- mid-clavicular line
- 5th intercostal cartilage
95
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the aortic valve is located?
Remember aptm 2245
- aptm is read as apartment
OR All Prostitues Take Money
- posteriorly to the right side of the sternum
- 2rd intercostal space
96
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify where the pulmonary valve is located?
Remember aptm 2245
- aptm is read as apartment
OR All Prostitues Take Money
- on left of thoracic wall
- left side of sternum
- 2nd costal cartilage
97
What does parasternal mean?
- laterally to the sternum
- left and right side
98
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the tricuspid valve?
- left 4th intercostal space
- parasternally
99
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the mitral valve?
- left 5th intercostal space
- midclavicular line
100
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the aortic valve?
- right second intercostal space
- parasternally
101
What anatomical landmarks can be used to identify the best location for auscultation of the pulmonary valve?
- left second intercostal space
- parasternally
102
2 heart sounds can be heard, titled S1 and S2. What are they?
- S1 = closing of mitral and tricuspid valves (end of diastolic)
- S2 = closing of aortic and pulmonary valves (end of systolic)
103
What is a valvular prolapse?
- valve slips out of its place
- valve flaps may not close completely
104
Where do the intercostal and subcostal arteries originate from?
- paired branches origination posteriorly from aorta
- intercostals supply 9 pairs of intercostals
- subcostal supply abdomen wall muscles
105
What is the jugular venous pulse also called jugular venous pressure (JVP) an indirect measure of?
- venous blood pressure
- blood in in right atrium
106
What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?
- superior thoracic aperture
- inferior: plane of Ludwig (Thoracic plane)
- anterior: manubrium
- posterior: T1-T4/T5
- lateral sides: mediastinal pleura
107
What forms the limits of posterior mediastinum?
- posteriorly = vertebrae T5-T12
- inferiorly = diaphragm
108
From the superior vena cava, what veins originate?
- all left and right
- brachiocephalic veins
- internal and external jugular veins
- sub clavian veins
109
Where does the azygous vein run?
- T4-T12
110
Where does the azygous vein drain blood into and receive blood from?
- drains into the superior vena cava
- receives blood from posterior intercostals, bronchi veins and hemizygous vein
111
Where does the hemizygous vein run?
- T8-T11
112
Where does the hemizygous vein drain blood into and receive blood from?
- drains into azygos vein
- receives blood from left posterior intercostal veins at levels
113
There are 3 openings in the diaphragm. What runs through and what vertebrae do they align with?
- descending aorta = T12
- inferior vena cava = T8
- oesophagus = T10
114
What is the function of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, and where do they originate from?
- originate from the vagus nerve
- innervate the larynx
115
Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve run?
- passes between trachea and oesophagus
- loops underneath right subclavian artery
116
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run?
- loops around arch of aorta
- passes along trachea
117
Inferiorly what does the pericardium anchor with?
- central tendon of diaphragm
118
What is the name of the wall that separates the atrium?
- interatrial septum
119
What are pectinate muscles?
- muscle walls of atria
- resemble teeth of a comb, as in pecten bird
120
What are the trabeculae carnae?
- carnae = column
- column like muscles on ventricle walls
121
What is the moderator band located in the right ventricle only?
- band of cardiac muscle
- includes right bundle branch
- ensures conduction throughout right ventricle
122
What is pericardiocentesis?
- removal of fluid from the pericardial space
123
What is cardiac temponade?
- chronic / large accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
- compression the heart
- impaired filled and contraction follow
124
What is cardiomegaly?
- abnormal enlargement of the heart
125
Why can pain from the heart be felt on the left side of the body?
- nerves T1-T5 supply jaw and left arm
- intercostobrachial nerve (tickle nerve)
- C3, 4 and 5 may overlap with T1-T5
- nerves overlap hence deferred pain
126
Where does blood enter the coronary circulation?
- through aortic sinuses
- small openings found within the aorta
- behind the left and right flaps of the aortic valve
127
How does blood enter the coronary circulation?
- in diastole back-flow blood fills aortic sinuses
128
Where does the right coronary artery rise from?
- right aortic sinus
- runs between right auricle and pulmonary trunk
- descends along the right atrioventricular/costal groove
129
Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- SA and AV nodes
130
Where does the left coronary artery rise from?
- aortic sinuses
- runs between left auricle and pulmonary trunk
- descends along the left atrioventricular/costal groove
131
What is the coronary sulcus?
- groove on the surface of the heart
- separates the atria from the ventricles
132
Where does the left coronary artery supply blood to?
- left atrium
- left ventricle
133
What is the left circumflex artery?
- a bifurcation of the left coronary artery
134
Where does the left circumflex artery supply blood to?
- left atrium
- left ventricle
135
The left coronary artery bifurcates into 2 coronary arteries, what are they?
- left circumflex artery
- anterior interventricular artery
136
Where does the anterior interventricular artery supply blood to?
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
- interventricular septum
137
How far can the anterior interventricular artery run along the anterior aspect of the heart?
- almost to the apex
138
What does sulcus mean?
- groove or indentation
- like a canyon
139
The coronary sinus drains the blood of the heart into the right atrium. Where is it located?
- along the coronary sulcus
- inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart
140
Where does the small cardiac vein originate from?
- anterior aspect of the right coronary sulcus
141
Where does to small cardiac vein drain into?
- coronary sinus
- inferior surface of the heart
- runs posteriorly and inferiorly joining coronary sinus
142
Where does the great cardiac vein originate from?
- apex of the heart
- begins as anterior atrioventricular vein
143
Where is the course of the great cardiac vein, and where does it drain?
- ascends along anterior atrioventricular groove
- courses to left entering coronary sinus
144
Where does the middle cardiac vein originate from?
- cardiac apex
145
Where is the course of the middle cardiac vein, and where does it drain?
- runs superiorly within posterior intraventricular groove
- drains into coronary sinus
146
What are Thebesian veins?
- smallest cardiac veins
- vessels that drain the inner surface of the myocardium
147
If a coronary artery is partially occluded, what could that do to the part of the heart that it supplies blood to?
- reduced perfusion of blood
- ischaemia or myocardial infarction may occur
148
If there is an occlusion in the right coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?
- right ventricle and atrium
149
If there is an occlusion in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?
- left ventricle and atrium
150
If there is an occlusion in the left anterior descending coronary artery, where in the heart may be affected?
- right ventricle, left ventricle and interventricular septum
151
What does ischemia mean?
- inadequate perfusion of blood to an organ or tissue
152
What does hypoxia mean?
- reduced supply of oxygen to a tissue
153
What does infarction mean?
- death of part or the whole of an organ that occurs when the artery carrying its blood supply to this tissue or organ is blocked
154
Which 2 coronary arteries are most likely to join and where?
- left anterior descending artery
- right anterior descending artery
- forms anastomoses close to apex
155
How is cardiac dominance determined?
- artery that gives rise to posterior descending artery
- most people are right dominant
156
What is an angiogram (also known as a cardiac catheterisation)?
- dye added to blood
- imaging of coronary arteries
157
What is an angiogram (also known as a cardiac catheterisation) used to look at?
- blood flow in coronary arteries
- look for blockages
158
The oesophagus leaves the posterior mediastinum through an opening in diaphragm at what vertebral level?
- T10
159
The thoracic aorta leaves the posterior mediastinum through an opening in diaphragm at what vertebral level?
- T12
160
Hypoxia is a reduced supply of blood to tissue or an organ. What is the major difference between pulmonary and system circulation in their response to hypoxia?
- systematic = vasodilation
- pulmonary = vasoconstriction
161
How does the left lung receive its own blood supply?
- directly from thoracic aorta (descending aorta)
162
How does the right lung receive its own blood supply?
- 3rd posterior intercostal artery
163
Where do the intercostal arteries receive their blood supply from?
- descending aorta
164
How does the pericardium of the heart receive its own blood supply?
- pericardial arteries
- descending aorta
165
If there is a blockage in a patients inferior vena cava, what vein is able to form an anastomoses, joining with inferior and superior vena cava?
- azygous vein
166
In addition to the aorta passing through the aorta hiatus, what else is able to pass through?
- thoracic duct
- azygos vein
167
In addition to the oesophagus passing through the oesophageal hiatus, what important nerve is also able to pass through?
- vagus nerves
