anatomy/embryology/genetics

Question 1

Skin, nerves, brain

Answer 1

ectoderm

Question 2

lungs, liver, pancreas, GI

Answer 2

Endoderm

Question 3

many different parts
*skeletal muscle, blood vessels, conncective tissue

Answer 3

mesoderm

Question 4

kidneys, ovaries, testes

Answer 4

intermediate layer

Question 5

Where does the labia, clitoris and lower vagina arise from?

Answer 5

urogenital sinus

Question 6

what weeks are the Labia, clitoris and lower vagina undifferentiated?

Answer 6

week 1-7

Question 7

what weeks are the Labia, clitoris and lower vagina differentiated?

Answer 7

week 12 `

Question 8

what causes differentiation of the labia, clitoris and lower vagina?

Answer 8

Testosterone
* if it is absent: female genitalia will develop
* if present: male genitalia will develop

Question 9

What happens if you have a genetically female fetus (XX) and there is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 9

excess androgen is produced, so the XX chromosome is still being exposed to testosterone- the genitalia will develop more towards male anatomy

Question 10

when do ovaries develop? how?

Answer 10

3rd week of gestation.
migration of germ cells- no migration, no ovaries

Question 11

At what weeks does a female fetus have the maximum number of oocytes?

Answer 11

16-20 weeks (produced from germ cell proliferation)

Question 12

Congenital absence of ovaries (very rare)

Answer 12

Ovarian dysgenesis

Question 13

Absence of ovaries are usually due to chromosomal abnormalities. What is an example of that?

Answer 13

Turner Syndrome (45XO) missing X

Question 14

In turner syndrome, what are the ovaries referred to?

Answer 14

Streak ovaries or smear ovaries

Question 15

Turner syndrome patients often present due to?

Answer 15

delayed menarche, puberty, webbed neck, widely space nipples

Question 16

Tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina arise from?

Answer 16

Genital ducts
* wolffian- produce male genitalia
* Mullerian ducts- produce female genitalia

Question 17

in females what duct disappears? what duct persists? what does that duct migrate into?

Answer 17

Wolffian ducts disappear, mullerian ducts persist
* caudal ends fuse to form uterus, cervix and upper vagina
* as ducts move toward fusion- they carry peritoneum, which become broad ligament

Question 18

mullerian abnormality that is a complete failure to fuse

Answer 18

Uterus didelphys (end of with a uterus, cervix and vagina on two sides) *most rare

Question 19

mullerian abnormality where ducts fuse but no degeneration of the fused tissue

Answer 19

Bicornuate uterus

Question 20

mullerian abnormality where there is a failure to fuse and degenerate

Answer 20

unicornate uterus (w/or w/o horn) (one side migrated and developed normally and the other did not)

Question 21

wolffian remnants

Answer 21

Gartner cysts

Question 22

No mullerian ducts; absence of uterus, tubes and cervis

Answer 22

Mullerian agenesis (external genitalia looks normal but you won’t find normal anatomy)

Question 23

where is the upper vagina developed from?

Answer 23

mullerian ducts

Question 24

where is the lower vagina from?

Answer 24

urogenital sinus

Question 25

area that contains the uterus, vagina, bladder, fallopian tubes, ovaries and distal rectum/anus

Answer 25

Lesser pelvis (true)

Question 26

area that holds the weight of the abdominal organs and pregnant uterus

Answer 26

Greater pelvis

Question 27

why is important to asses the size of true pelvis?

Answer 27

obstetrical conjugate is important to know if the portion of the pelvis will be able to pass a child vaginally

Question 28

which portion of the cervix communicates with the vagina?

Answer 28

external os

Question 29

which portion of the cervix communicates with the uterus?

Answer 29

internal os

Question 30

one of the main supports for the fallopian tubes; tubes ovaries, round and uterine ligaments, nerves, uterine artery, lymphatics

Answer 30

Broad ligament

Question 31

Ligament that is a problem child during pregnancy; can cause stress and pain with rapidly growing fetus

Answer 31

round ligament

Question 32

continuous with the fallopian tube; means horns

Answer 32

Cornu

Question 33

uterine wall: surrounding the whole organ

Answer 33

perimetrium

Question 34

what are the three regions of the fallopian tubes?

Answer 34

isthmus ampulla infundibulum

Question 35

what part of the fallopian tube is fixed within the broad ligament?

Answer 35

isthmus

Question 36

what is the #1 site for ectopics

Answer 36

ampulla

Question 37

has fimbriae, ciliated columnar cells, no direct connection with ovaries

Answer 37

infundibulum

Question 38

Where does mitosis occurs?

Answer 38

mitosis occurs in somatic celss

Question 39

what does mitosis produce?

Answer 39

produces 2 daughter cells of same genetic materia

Question 40

where does meiosis occur?

Answer 40

germ cells

Question 41

what does meiosis produce?

Answer 41

2 divisions resulting in 4 haploid, genetically distinct cells

Question 42

most chromosomal anomalies are a result of

Answer 42

nondisjunction in meiosis 1 (before birth)

Question 43

what is nondisjunction?

Answer 43

division did not occur correctly

Question 44

rarely skips generations; equal sex distribution; an unaffected individual will not transmit gene to his or her progeny

Answer 44

autosomal dominant

Question 45

appears to skip generations; both genders affected; neither parent is usually affected (asymptomatic carrier)

Answer 45

Autosomal recessive

Question 46

what phase of meiosis allows the most diversity? often error prone

Answer 46

anaphase 1

Question 47

affected gene located on X chromosome; both recessive and dominant disorders exist; recessive d/o affects males>females; phenotype of disease is based on one allele

Answer 47

X- linked inheritance

Question 48

affect females 2x> males; males more severely affected

Answer 48

X-linked dominant

Question 49

risk factors for genetic disorders?

Answer 49

-advanced maternal age >35 -previous pregnancy with chromosomal abnormality -hx of pregnancy loss -advanced paternal age >50