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Circulation > Anatomy, Embryology, Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy, Embryology, Histology Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

The heart is located in the middle mediastinum and is surrounded by the _

A

The heart is located in the middle mediastinum and is surrounded by the pericardial sac

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2
Q

The _ represents the right border of the heart

A

The right atrium represents the right border of the heart

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3
Q

The _ represents the majority of the anterior aspect of the heart and it touches the internal surface of the rib cage

A

The right ventricle represents the majority of the anterior aspect of the heart and it touches the internal surface of the rib cage

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4
Q

The _ represents the base/ posterior aspect of the heart

A

The left atrium represents the base/ posterior aspect of the heart

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5
Q

The _ represents the apex of the heart and left boarder

A

The left ventricle represents the apex of the heart and left boarder

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6
Q

The _ is posterior to the sternal angle

A

The aortic arch is posterior to the sternal angle

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7
Q

The heart is covered by the body of the sternum and ribs _ through _

A

The heart is covered by the body of the sternum and ribs 3-6

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

_ is an large artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary trunk is an large artery that carries deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Semilunar valves are located at the entrance to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

Slender threads called _ attach the free margin of the cusps to the papillary muscles within the ventricles

A

Slender threads called chordae tendinae attach the free margin of the cusps to the papillary muscles within the ventricles

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12
Q

The papillary muscles and associated cords maintain the _

A

The papillary muscles and associated cords maintain the closure of the AV valves during ventricular constraction and prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria

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13
Q

The right ventricle/ tricuspid valve has 3 papillary muscles: _ , _ and _

A

The right ventricle/ tricuspid valve has 3 papillary muscles: anterior , posterior and septal

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14
Q

The left ventricle/ mitral valve has 2 papillary muscles _ and _

A

The left ventricle/ mitral valve has 2 papillary muscles anterolateral and posteromedial

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15
Q

Each of the semilunar valves is composed of _ which help ensure closure and prevent the regurgitation of blood when they close during ventricular diastole

A

Each of the semilunar valves is composed of 3 semilunar cusps/ lunule which help ensure closure and prevent the regurgitation of blood when they close during ventricular diastole

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16
Q

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the _

A

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinus which is just above the aortic valve

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17
Q

The coronary arteries are important for _

A

The coronary arteries are important for vascularizing the myocardium of the heart

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18
Q

The coronary arteries fill with blood during _ stage of the cardiac cycle

A

The coronary arteries fill with blood during ventricular diastole when the heart muscle is relaxing

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19
Q

The leftcoronary artery divides into two large branches _ and _

A

The left coronary artery divides into two large branches left anterior descending artery (LAD) and circumflex artery

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20
Q

Another name for the LAD is the _

A

Another name for the LAD is the anterior interventricular

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21
Q

The LAD is responsible for vascularizing _

A

The LAD is responsible for vascularizing:
* Anterior 2/3 of the ventricular septum
* Bundle of His
* Anterior aspect/wall of the left ventricle
* Anterolateral papillary muscle (shared with circumflex)

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22
Q

The circumflex artery is responsible for vascularizing _

A

The circumflex artery is responsible for vascularizing:
* Left atrium
* Anterolateral papillary muscle
* Posterior/ lateral part of the left ventricle vis the left obtuse marginal artery

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23
Q

The circumflex artery gives rise to the _ which vascularizes the posterior/ lateral aspect of the left ventricle

A

The circumflex artery gives rise to the left obtuse marginal artery which vascularizes the posterior/ lateral aspect of the left ventricle

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24
Q

The _ artery vascularizes the bundle of his

A

The LAD vascularizes the bundle of his

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25
The right coronary artery divides into 4 major branches:
The right coronary artery divides into 4 major branches: * **SA nodal artery** * **Right marginal artery** * **Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)** * **AV nodal branch**
26
The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the SA node
The **SA nodal artery** (which is a division of **RCA** ) vascularizes the SA node
27
The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the right ventricle and apex
The **right marginal artery** (which is a division of **RCA** ) vascularizes the right ventricle and apex
28
The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the AV node
The **AV nodal branch** (which is a division of **RCA** ) vascularizes the AV node
29
The PDA, which comes from the RCA in 85% of individuals vascularizes _
The PDA, which comes from the RCA in 85% of individuals vascularizes **posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum** * Also the posterior aspect of the ventricles * Posteromedial papillary muscles
30
The anterolateral papillary muscle has a (dual/ single) blood supply
The **anterolateral papillary muscle** has a **dual** blood supply * Supplied by the LAD and the circumflex
31
The posteromedial papillary muscle has a (dual/ single) blood supply
The posteromedial papillary muscle has a **single** blood supply * Supplied by the PDA
32
The _ is a large vein that receives most of the venous return from the heart and drains into the right atrium near the IVC
The **coronary sinus** is a large vein that receives most of the venous return from the heart and drains into the right atrium near the IVC
33
_ is a vein that accompanies the LAD and dumps into the coronary sinus
**Great cardiac vein** is a vein that accompanies the LAD and dumps into the coronary sinus
34
_ is a vein that accompanies the PDA and dumps into the coronary sinus
**Middle cardiac vein** is a vein that accompanies the PDA and dumps into the coronary sinus
35
_ is a vein that accompanies the RCA and dumps into the coronary sinus
**Small cardiac vein** is a vein that accompanies the RCA and dumps into the coronary sinus
36
Three layers of the heart, superficial to deep
1. **Epicardium** the visceral layer of the pericardium 2. **Myocardium** cardiac muscle cell layer 3. **Endocardium** simple squamous epithelium
37
The _ is a simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) that lines the lumen of the heart
The **endocardium** is a simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) that lines the lumen of the heart
38
The subendocardium is a connective tissue layer beneath the endocardium that contains _
The subendocardium is a connective tissue layer beneath the endocardium that contains **veins, nerves, purkinje fibers**
39
The _ is a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on the external surface of heart tissue
The **epicardium** is a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on the external surface of heart tissue
40
Beneath the mesothelium is _ tissue that contains nerves, coronary vessels, and adipose tissue
Beneath the mesothelium is **fibroelastic tissue** that contains nerves, coronary vessels, and adipose tissue
41
Which layer of the heart wall is seen?
Myocardium
42
Nuclei in cardiac myocytes will be located _ in the cell and will be _
Nuclei in cardiac myocytes will be located **centrally** in the cell and will be **mononucleated (1-2)**
43
Characterize cardiac myocytes
Cardiac myocytes: * Blunt-ended (intercalated discs) * Branched * Striated * Involuntary contraction
44
_ are step-like junctions that form end-to-end attachments between adjacent cardiac muscle cells
**Intercalated discs** are step-like junctions that form end-to-end attachments between adjacent cardiac muscle cells
45
The lateral portion of the intercalated disc contains _ and _
The lateral portion of the intercalated disc contains **desmosomes** and **gap junctions**
46
The transverse portion of the intercalated disc contains _
The transverse portion of the intercalated disc contains **fasciae adherens, desmosomes, gap junctions**
47
_ are important connections between cardiac myocytes that facilitate ionic coupling and aid in coordinating contraction
**Gap junctions** are important connections between cardiac myocytes that facilitate ionic coupling and aid in coordinating contraction
48
A functional contractile unit that spans from Z disc to Z disc is called a _
A functional contractile unit that spans from Z disc to Z disc is called a **sarcomere**
49
T tubules invaginate from the sarcolemma at the _
T tubules invaginate from the sarcolemma at the **z disc**
50
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located at the _
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located at the **z disc**
51
A dyad is defined as _ and _
A dyad is defined as **1 sarcoplasmic reticulum** and **1 T tubule** * Located at the Z disc
52
How do the purkinje fibers transfer information to the cardiac myocytes?
Purkinje fibers communicate with cardiac myocytes through **gap junctions** and connect via **desmosomes and fasciae adherens** *but not through intercalated discs*
53
Purkinje fibers can be found in _ layer of the heart
Purkinje fibers can be found **in a subendocardial location**
54
Three layers of arteries superficial to deep
1. **Tunica adventita** connective tissue External elastic lamina 2. **Tunica media** smooth muscle, elastic fibers Internal elastic lamina 3. **Tunica intima** endothelium
55
Large arteries like the aorta will have lots of elastic fibers in the _ layer
Large arteries like the aorta will have lots of elastic fibers in the **tunica media** * We will see **fenestrated membranes** which are thick, concentric sheaths of elastic membrane in the wall
56
In large elastic, conducting arteries, we will find small vessels called _ that vascularize the artery tissue itself
In large elastic, conducting arteries, we will find small vessels called **vasa vasorum** that vascularize the artery tissue itself
57
Describe the components of a muscular artery
Muscular arteries: * These are smaller than elastic arteries and they distribute blood to various organs * Have a thick layer of SM cells, internal elastic lamina, usually an external elastic lamina layer too * Contains vasa vasorum
58
The vessels that are largely responsible for regulating blood pressure are the _
The vessels that are largely responsible for regulating blood pressure are the **arterioles** * They are the terminal arterial vessels * They are our smallest arteries * **Tunica media consists of only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle**
59
Fenestrated capillary
60
(Continuous/ fenestrated/ sinusoid) capillaries have a discontinuous basal laminae
**Sinusoid** capillaries have a discontinuous basal laminae
61
Both _ and _ capillaries contain fenestrations
Both **fenestrated** and **sinusoid** capillaries contain fenestrations
62
Where do we find continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries?
**Continuous:** muscle, nerve, lungs, BBB **Fenestrated:** endocrine glands, intestine, pancreas, renal glomerulus **Sinusoid:** liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph
63
_ cells convert inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II (especially in the lung)
**Endothelial** cells convert inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II (especially in the lung)
64
_ cells release relaxing factor nitric oxide and contraction factor endothelin 1
**Endothelial cells** release relaxing factor *nitric oxide* and contraction factor *endothelin 1*
65
Endothelial cells also release _ to initiate blood coagulation
Endothelial cells also release **tissue factor** to initiate blood coagulation
66
Other roles that endothelial cells play
* Deactivate substances like bradykinin, serotonin, thrombin, NE, prostaglandins * Breakdown lipoproteins --> TGs, cholesterol
67
_ is a substance released by endothelial cells that acts as a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of intravascular platelet aggregation
**Prostacyclin** is a substance released by endothelial cells that acts as a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of intravascular platelet aggregation
68
List the layers of veins from superficial to deep
1. Tunica adventita 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica intima
69
The thickest and most prominent layer in veins is _
The thickest and most prominent layer in veins is **tunica adventita**
70
Veins that contain valves can be found in _ layer
Veins that contain valves can be found in **tunica intima**
71
(Artery/ Vein) will appear rounder
**Artery** will appear rounder
72
(Artery/ Vein) will have a thicker wall
**Artery** will have a thicker wall
73
The tunica media in (artery/ vein) will have more smooth muscle
The tunica media in **artery** will have more smooth muscle
74
The lumen of (artery/ vein) will be larger
The lumen of **vein** will be larger
75
Lymphatic vessel with valve
76
The fetal heart begins as a tube and it starts to circulate blood unidirectionally during week _ of development
The fetal heart begins as a tube and it starts to circulate blood unidirectionally during **week 5** of development
77
Name the five regions of the primitive heart tube
1. **Truncus arteriosus** 2. **Bulbus cordis** 3. **Primitive ventricle** 4. **Primitive atrium** 5. **Sinus venosus**
78
The truncus arteriosus turns into the _ and _
The **truncus arteriosus** turns into the **ascending aorta** and **pulmonary trunk**
79
The bulbus cordis turns into the _
The bulbus cordis turns into the **right ventricle**
80
The primitive ventricle turns into the _
The primitive ventricle turns into the **left ventricle**
81
The primitive atrium turns into the _
The primitive atrium turns into the **right and left atria**
82
The sinus venosus turns into the _
The sinus venosus turns into the **coronary sinus, posterior right atrium**
83
The common cardinal veins become the _
The common cardinal veins become the **superior vena cavae**
84
The umbilical vein becomes the _
The umbilical vein becomes the **ligamentum teres hepatis**
85
The _ are four swellings of the heart tube at the junction of the atrium and ventricle --> important to both atrial and ventricular septation; they form atria septa and AV valves
The **endocardial cushions** are four swellings of the heart tube at the junction of the atrium and ventricle --> important to both atrial and ventricular septation; they form atria septa and AV valves
86
Endocardial cushions are composed of several cells types including _ embryological cells
Endocardial cushions are composed of several cells types including **neural crest cells**
87
The _ is an important hole that allows placental (oxygenated) blood to travel from the _ --> _ and bypass the fetal lungs
The **foramen ovale** is an important hole that allows placental (oxygenated) blood to travel from the **RA** --> **LA** and bypass the fetal lungs
88
Steps of atrial septation
1. Foramen primum 2. Septum primum 3. Foramen secundum 4. Septum secundum
89
Once the fetus is born, the pulmonary vascular resistance will _ ; the left atrial pressure will _ and the right atrial pressure will _
Once the fetus is born, the pulmonary vascular resistance will **drop** ; the left atrial pressure will **increase** and the right atrial pressure will **decrease** --> shuts the patent foramen ovale
90
The _ portion of the interventricular septum begins on the floor of the primitive ventricles and grows upward; the _ portion begins from the endocardial cushions
The **muscular portion** of the interventricular septum begins on the **floor** of the primitive ventricles and grows upward; the **membranous portion** begins from the **endocardial cushions**
91
The truncus arteriosus joins the _ and _ in a common outflow
The truncus arteriosus joins the **developing pulmonary trunk** and **ascending aorta** in a common outflow
92
The aorticopulmonary septum must first form as a _ as the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary arteries and aorta
The aorticopulmonary septum must first form as a **spiral** as the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary arteries and aorta
93
In the fetus, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid rather than air; so the fetal oxygen source is the _
In the fetus, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid rather than air; so the fetal oxygen source is the **placenta**
94
We have three fetal blood vessels _ and three fetal shunts _ that disappear after birth
We have three fetal blood vessels: **umbilical vein and umbilical arteries (2)** and three fetal shunts **ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus** that disappear after birth
95
The placenta is designed such that maternal blood surrounds fetal vessels transporting nutrients and removing waste; it does this without _
The placenta is designed such that maternal blood surrounds fetal vessels transporting nutrients and removing waste; it does this **without mixing maternal and fetal blood**
96
The umbilical vein carries (oxygenated/ deoxygenated) blood from the _ to _
The umbilical vein carries **oxygenated** blood from the **placenta** to **liver** to go to the RA
97
Once the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta --> liver, we reach our first shunt, _ which bypasses the liver into the _
Once the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta --> liver, we reach our first shunt, **ductus venosus** which bypasses the liver into the **inferior vena cava --> RA**
98
The foramen ovale is our second shunt which allows us to bypass the _ and pump blood from _ to _
The foramen ovale is our second shunt which allows us to bypass the **lungs** and pump blood from **RA** to **LA, LV, aorta**
99
The diversion of blood through the foramen ovale is called the _ shunt
The diversion of blood through the foramen ovale is called the **right-to-left shunt**
100
Ductus arteriosus is a connection point between the _ and _ to "bypass the lungs" which have high pulmonary vascular resistance
Ductus arteriosus is a connection point between the **pulmonary artery** and **aorta** to "bypass the lungs" which have high pulmonary vascular resistance * This creates a mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood in the descending organs that is then carried to the organs
101
An increase in left heart pressure after birth helps to close the patent ductus arteriosus; in addition _ also helps it to close
An increase in left heart pressure after birth helps to close the patent ductus arteriosus; in addition **decreased prostaglandin E2** also helps it to close * Additionally the lung releases bradykinin * All of these help to constrict the walls of the ductus arteriosus
102
Prostaglandin E1 and E2 is produced by the _ and _ to keep the ductus arteriosus open
Prostaglandin E1 and E2 is produced by the **placenta** and **ductus** to keep the ductus arteriosus open
103
Upon closure of the ductus venosus, the liver is now perfused and the remnant is the _
Upon closure of the ductus venosus, the liver is now perfused and the remnant is the **ligamentum venosum**

Circulation (12 decks)

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