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BioChem > Anatomy Exam 1: Chpt 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1: Chpt 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all cells share?

A
  • plasma/cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
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2
Q

What is cellular physiology?

A

study of cell function

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3
Q

what is cytology?

A

study of cell structure

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of cells?

A
  1. cell metabolism/energy use
  2. synthesis of molecules
  3. communication
  4. reproduction and inheritance
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5
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells

A
  • sex cells (germ cells, reproductive cells)
  • somatic cells (all other cells in body)
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6
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A

body fluid outside of cells
- interstitial fluid (tissue spaces) & blood plasma

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7
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

tissue spaces & blood plasma

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8
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

in cytoplasm
- cytosol
- cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the cytosol?

A
  • inside cell outside nucleus
  • nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste
  • high K+, low Na-
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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

all materials inside cell & outside nucleus

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11
Q

What is the nucleus? (components, function, functions)

A
  • function: control center
  • determines
    • all functions of cell
    • what proteins to synthesize
  • components:
    • nuclear envelope
    • nuclear pores
    • nucleoplasm
    • nucleolus
    • chromatin
    • chromosomes
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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoplasm?

A
  • cytosol
  • organelles
  • cytoskeleton
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12
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • cell’s skeleton
  • determines where reactions occur
    • microfilaments (smallest)
    • intermediate filaments
    • microtubules (largest)
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13
Q

What are intermediate filaments? (protein subunit, functions)

A
  • protein subunit: keratin
  • functions:
    • nuclear lamina
    • strengthen cell
    • resist stress
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13
Q

What are microfilaments? (location, protein subunit, functions)

A
  • found in periphery
  • protein subunit: actin
  • functions
    • anchorage
    • muscle contraction
    • cleavage furrow
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13
Q

What are Microtubules? (location, protein subunit, functions)

A
  • large hollow tubes
  • subunit: tubulin
  • functions:
    • basal body (supports cilia)
    • forms spindle apparatus
    • cell shape
    • cell division (mitotic spindle)
    • cell motility (cilia & flagella - sperm)
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14
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • separates inside/outside cell
  • reg. exchange w environment
  • sensitivity to environment
  • structural support
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14
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbs
  • glycoproteins
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15
Q

What is the bilayer of the plasma membrane made up of?

A

phospholipids
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic fatty-acid tails

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16
Q

What contributes to membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

what proteins are in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • anchoring proteins
  • recognition proteins
  • enzymes
  • receptors (integral)
  • G-protein linked
  • transport proteins
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18
Q

what are integral proteins?

A
  • go through membrane
    -hydrophobic/hydrophilic parts
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19
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A
  • bound inner/outer surface of membrane
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20
Q

What are anchoring (attachment) proteins?

A
  • attach to cytoskeleton
  • attach to ECM
  • attach cell-cell
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21
what are recognition (marker) proteins?
- label cells "self" vs. "non-self"
22
What are enzymes?
- either integral or peripheral - catalyze reactions inside/outside cell
23
What are receptors?
- integral - bind/respond to ligands (ions/hormones) - ex. insulin is ligand for insulin receptor
24
What are receptors linked to channel proteins?
- ion channel opens/closes - alters what can go through PM
25
What is a G-Linked Protein?
- activates signal transduction & amplifies message
26
What are transport protein channels?
- reg. flow of water & small solutes through membrane - hydrophilic groups line channel - ex. non-gated: leak, gated: voltage & ligand - ex. calcium, sodium channels
27
What are transport protein carrier proteins?
- transport specific solutes through membrane - types: passive transport, ATP powdered pumps (need ATP) - ex. glucose carriers
28
What are membrane carbohydrates?
carb portions extend outside cell membrane (receptors) - glycoproteins : membrane proteins + carb. group - glycolipids: membrane lipids + carb. group
29
What is glycolyx?
"sugar coat" layer of carbs on plasma membrane
30
What are the functions of the glycolyx?
- protection - anchoring (sticky) - binding (specific) - recognition (self vs nonself)
31
What is the ion and molecule distribution across the plasma membrane?
- intracellular: enzymes, proteins, glycogen, K+ - extracellular: Na2+, Ca2+, & Cl-
32
Is the ion and molecule distribution across the plasma membrane equal?
No
33
Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
yes - free passage of some materials - restriction of passage for some materials
34
What substances can cross the plasma membrane?
small, neutrally charged, lipid soluble substances
35
What is passive transport?
move of substances across plasma membrane W/O ATP - diffusion of solutes - osmosis - facilitated diffusion
36
What is active transport?
NEEDS ATP, from breakdown of ATP
37
What is diffusion?
movement of molecules from higher to lower conc. - PASSIVE
38
What is concentration gradient?
difference btwn high & low conc.
39
What are factors that influence rate of diffusion?
- distance - molecular size - temp. - surface area - conc. gradient - electrical forces - diffusion medium (solid, liquid, gas)
40
Explain Faciliated Diffusion
- NO ATP needed - diffusion DOWN conc. gradient - channels (smaller ions) - carriers (larger org. molecules ex. glucose)
41
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane - HIGH to LOW conc. - LESS solute to MORE solute
42
What is osmolarity?
amt of solute per volume
43
What is osmotic pressure?
force that water moves to HIGHER solute/osmotic pressure - higher solute, higher osmotic pressure
44
What are Aquaporins?
water channels - speed rate of water diffusion
45
What is tonocity?
how solution affects a cell
46
What is an isotonic solution?
iso=same - no osmotic flow
47
What is a hypotonic solution?
less solute - water flow into cell - cell swells (lyse)
48
What is a hypertonic solution?
more solute - water flow out of cell - cell shrink (crenate)
49
What are the ion pumps for active transport?
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
50
What are the exchange pumps for active transport?
Cl-
51
What is active transport?
needs ATP - ATP powered pumps - ex. Na/K exchange pump
52
What is primary active transport?
Na/K ion exchange pump: transport Na out cell, K inside cell (want low Na, high K) - 3 Na out - 2 K in
53
What is secondary active transport?
- indirect ATP use - transports 1 substrate down conc. gradient & brings 1 different substrate up conc. gradient
54
What is vesicular transport?
- materials move in/out of cell in sacs off plasma membrane (vesicles) - NEEDS ATP - types: - endocytosis - exocytosis
55
What are the types of endocytosis?
- phagocytosis - pinocytosis - receptor-mediated vesicular transport
56
What is pinocytosis?
cell-drinking
56
What is phagocytosis?
'cell-eating"
57
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
- ligands bind to receptors & form vesicle - cholesterol uptake
58
What is receptor mediated exocytosis
- vesicle fuses w PM - contents released - balance PM depletion from endocytosis
59
What is the transmembrane potential?
electrical difference btwn inside/outside of cell
60
What is Meiosis?
- sex cell division - Function: reproduction
61
What is mitosis?
somatic cell division - Function: growth, tissue renewal
62
How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?
23 pairs
63
What are homologous chromosomes?
2 chromosomes that make up each pair - 1 from mom - 1 from dad
64
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
1. interphase 2. cell division
65
What are the parts of interphase?
1. G1 2. S 3. G2
66
What occurs during G1?
- btwn end of M & start of S phase - 8hrs-days - cell grows - organelles are replicated - centrosomes & centrioles are copied
67
What occurs during S?
- DNA synthesis/duplication - ~ 8 hr - separation of DNA strands - Goal: formation of 2 identical DNA molecules - makes histones & proteins
68
What occurs during DNA replication?
- complimentary base pairing (joined by hydrogen bonds) - leading strand - lagging strand
69
What is the role of DNA Helicase in DNA Replication?
unzips DNA/breaks hydrogen bonds
70
What is the role of DNA Ligase in DNA replication?
splices okazaki fragments
71

BioChem (5 decks)

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