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BioChem > Anatomy Exam I Chpt 1-2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam I Chpt 1-2 Flashcards

(121 cards)

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1
Q

Define anatomy

A

study of structures

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of body functions

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3
Q

What are the various specialties of anatomy and physiology?

A
  • gross anatomy
  • microscopic anatomy
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4
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

visible structures to the eye
- macroscopic (surface, regional, systematic, developmental, clinical)

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5
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

cytology & histology

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6
Q

What are the levels of organization from simplest to complex?

A
  • chemical
  • cellular
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
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7
Q

What are the three components of homeostatic?

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
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8
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

body working to keep stable environment/equilibrium
- achieve by responding to internal and external stimuli and bringing body back to a set point

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9
Q

What is the role of a control center in a homeostatic?

A

processes signals and sends instructions to effector

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10
Q

What is the role of a receptor in homeostatic?

A

receives stimulus

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11
Q

What is the role of the effector in a homestatic?

A

carries out instructions from control center

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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms of homeostatic regulation?

A
  • intrinsic (autoregulation)
  • extrinsic
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13
Q

What is Extrinsic Regulation?

A

Nervous & Endocrine systems control response
- ex. exercise ause NS to increase HR, circulate blood quicker, decrease digestion, increase blood to muscles

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14
Q

What is intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)?

A

autonomic response in organ, tissue, or cell to an environmental change
- ex. decrease in O2 –> cells release chemical –> blood vessels dilate, increase blood flow, increase O2

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15
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

body moves away from homeostasis to speed up processes
- ex. child labor

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16
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

body is brought back to homeostasis/set point
-ex. body temp

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17
Q

What are the major organs of the integumentary system?

A
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Nails
  • Sweat Glands
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18
Q

What are the major functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  • protection from external environment
  • body temp reg.
  • detects sensory info
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19
Q

What are the major organs of the skeletal system?

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • bone marrow
  • ligaments
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20
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support/protection
  • blood cell formation
  • storage of calcium and minerals
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21
Q

What are the major organs of the muscular system?

A
  • muscles
  • tendons
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22
Q

What are the major functions of the muscular system?

A
  • movement
  • heat generation & body temp. reg.
  • protection/support
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23
Q

What are the major organs of the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • sens organs
  • peripheral organs
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24
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A
  • interpet sensory info.
  • coordinate other organ systems
  • direct responses to stimulus
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25
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
- pancreas - gonads - pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands - endocrine tissues
26
What are the major functions of the endocrine system?
- center of developmental changes - metabolic activity - help with long-term changes of other systems
27
What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?
- heart - blood - blood vessels
28
What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?
- helps in control of body temp - helps distribute water, blood, cells, nutrients, waste, O2, and CO2
29
What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
- spleen - thymus - ly,phatic vessels - tonsils - lymph nodes
30
What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?
- protects from bacteria/infections - returns tissue fluid to blood stream
31
What are the major organs of the respiratory system?
- sinuses - nasal cavities - bronchi - alveoli
31
What are the major organs of the digestive system?
- teeth - tongue - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - liver - gallbladder - pancreas
32
What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
- bring air to alveoli - bring O2 to bloodstream - rid of CO2 from blood - produce sounds for communication
33
What are the major organs of the urinary system?
- kidneys - ureters - urinary bladder - urethra
34
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
- absorbs/saves water - absorbs nutrients - stores energy - processes/digests food
34
What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?
- prostate gland - seminal vesicles - ductus deferentia - epididymis - testes - penis
35
What are the major functions of the urinary system?
- rids of waste from blood - stores urine - regulates blood ion conc. & pH - controls water balance (urine)
36
What are the major functions of the male reproductive system?
- produce male sex cells, suspending fluids, & hormones
37
What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?
- ovaries - uterus - labia - mammary glands - uterine tubes - vagina - clitoris
38
Define chemistry
science of matter
38
What are the major functions of the female reproductive system?
- produce female sex cells & hormones - support embryo - nourishment/milk for newborn
39
Define matter
anything that has mass and occupies volume/space
40
What is an atom?
smallest unit of matter
41
How does atomic structure affect interactions between atoms?
- atoms made up of subatomic particles - # of e- in valence shell determines size of orbit, energy levels, & stability
42
What are ionic bonds?
donation or acceptance of e- from an atom - cations: + atoms, e- donors - anions: - atoms, e- acceptors
43
What are covalent bonds?
sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms - polar: unequal sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms - nonpolar: + sharing of e- btwn 2 atoms
44
What are Hydrogen Bonds?
bonds btwn adjacent/close by molecules - slightly + H atoms & slightly - area of a polar molecule - H2O
45
What is a decomposition reaction?
breaks down reactants into smaller products (breaks down chemical bonds) - gives off/releases energy - AB --> A + B
46
What is a synthesis reaction?
forms chemical bonds - uses energy - A + B --> AB
47
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?
2 molecules joined by taking out water A-H + HO-B --> A-B+H2O
48
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
splits/breaks down a molecule w addition of water A-B + H2O --> A-H + HOB
49
What is anabolism
synthesis of new molecule (need energy)
50
What is catabolism?
decomposition in body (breaks bonds - releases energy)
51
What are reactants?
materials going into a reaction
52
what are products?
materials being produced/coming out of a reaction
53
What is energy?
ability to perform work (movement or change in structure of matter) - potential - kinetic
54
What is potential energy?
stored energy - changes into kinetic energy & heat
55
What is kinetic energy?
energy of motion - movement of matter
56
What is metabolism?
all reactions in cells & tissues - storage, suing energy, make products
57
What are the two types of metabolism?
- anabolism - catabolism
58
What is anabolism?
synthesis of new molecules (need energy)
59
What is catabolism?
decomp. in body (bonds break - release energy)
60
What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?
enzymes perform as catalysts in metabolism - speed up reactions by decreased activation energy of reactions w/o used up or consumed
61
What is an exergonic reaction?
release more energy than needed to start?
62
What is an endergonic reaction?
consume/need more energy than releases
63
What are organic chemicals?
molecules with C & H - carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
64
What are inorganic chemicals?
NO C or H - ex. CO2, H2O, inorganic acid, bases, salts
65
What are the properties of water?
- reactivity - high heat capacity - lubrication - solubility - polarity
66
Define pH
of H+ ions in solution
67
What is the pH scale
0-14 - 0-6 = acidic - 8-14 = basic - 7 = neutral - ~7.4 = blood
68
What is the pH in the body?
pH < 7.35 = acidosis pH < 7 = coma pH > 7.45 = alkalosis (uncontrollable muscle twitching)
69
What is the function of acids?
separate to anion & H+ in solution (donate protons) - strong acids separate completely HCl --> H+ + Cl-
70
What are the functions of bases?
add more OH- to solution, remove H+ - separate into OH- & cation - Strong bases separate fully NaOH --> Na+ + OH-
71
What are salts?
ionic compound no H+ or OH- - no direct affect H+ or OH- case
72
What elements do carbohydrates have?
- C, H, & O (1:2:1)
73
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
74
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
- monosaccharide - disaccharide - polysaccharide
75
What are characteristics of monosaccharides?
- simple sugars (3-7 C atoms "ose") - can be brought into cell - ex. glucose
76
What are characteristics of disaccharides?
- 2 simple sugars (dehydration synthesis) - have to be broken down into simple sugars for usable energy - ex. sucrose, maltose, lactose
77
What are characteristics of polysaccharides?
- created w repeated dehydration reactions btwn monosaccharides - ex. glycogen, starches, plant starches - stores glucose
78
What elements make up lipids?
C, H & little O (1:2)
79
What is the function of lipids?
- insulation - structure - energy - cushioning
80
What are the building blocks of lipids?
- triglycerides - phospholipids - steroids
81
What is the structure of triglycerides?
made of glycerol & 3 fatty acids - fatty acid has carboxyl group & long C skeleton/chain - mono, di, tri --> # fatty acids
82
What are the functions of triglycerides?
- energy - insulation - organ protection - stored under skin & around organs
83
What is the structure for phospholipids?
- 2 fatty acids & phosphate groups attached to glycerol - tail = hydrophobic - head = hydrophilic
84
What is the structure of steroids?
- carbon chain with 4 rings of functional groups
85
What is the function of steroids?
- reg. of metabolism - bone growth - sexual function - cell membranes - dietary fats - mineral balance
86
What is the function of proteins?
- support transport - buffers - movement - coordination - control - defense
87
What is the structure of proteins?
C, H, O, N -- > built from 20 amino acids (monomers) - peptides
88
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
89
What are peptides?
amino acids joined by covalent bonds btwn carbonyl and amine groups
90
What makes up proteins?
polypeptide chains
91
What are the shapes of proteins?
1° amino acid sequence 2° H bonds in polypeptide chain (α-helix, β pleated sheet) 3° 3D folding 4° 7 structures tg - final protein shape
92
What are fibrous vs globular proteins?
- fibrous: - strands/sheets - Globular: - enzymes/hormons - compact/rounded
93
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store/transfer info
94
What are the 2 classes of Nucleic Acids?
- DNA - RNA
95
Describe DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid - genes - leads protein synthesis - leads cell processes - twisting double helix
96
Describe RNA
- ribonucleic acid - protein synthesis - 3 types: (mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA) - U NOT T
97
What is the structure of nucleic acids?
pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
98
What is the function of ATP?
energy used by cells - ATP --> ADP
99
What is the structure of ATP?
nucleotide & phosphate groups - mono (AMP) - di (ADP) - tri (ATP)
100
Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? a. pH 1 b. pH 14 c. pH 7 d. pH 10 e. pH 2
a. pH 1
101
True or False: There are more than 50 tissue types in human body
False
102
List 4 major organs of integumentary system
- hair - skin - nails - sweat glands
103
In general, the nervous system does each of the following except a. help to maintain homeostasis b. respond rapidly to change c. direct long-term responses to change d. direct very specific responses e. interpret sensory info
c. direct long-term responses to change
104
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? a. releases chemical messengers called hormones b. produces a more rapid response than the nervous system c. produces effects that last for days or longer d. produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time
b. produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
105
Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils? a. digestive b. cardiovascular c. endocrine d. nervous e. lymphatic
e. lymphatic
106
Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? a. integumentary b. muscular c. skeletal d. nervous e. endocrine
c. skeletal
107
A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) a. receptor b. thermoregulator c. hypothalamus d. effector e. stimulus
d. effector
108
If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system. a. deficit b. negative c. neutral d. polarized e. positive
e. positive
109
Disease is an indicator of a. negative feedback b. signs and symptoms c. homeostatic failure d. positive feedback e. all of the are correct
c. homeostatic failure
110
The nucleus of an atom consists of a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. protons + neutrons e. protons + electrons
d. protons + neutrons
111
The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. protons + neutrons e. protons + electrons
b. protons
112
By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? a. sulfur b. sodium c. oxygen d. potassium e. carbon
c. oxygen
113
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of a. protons in the nucleus b. electrons in the nucleus c. neutrons in the nucleus d. electron clouds e. electrons in energy shells
c. neutrons in the nucleus
114
If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is a. 26 b. 16 c. 18 d. 8 e. 12
c. 18
115
The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. 8
b. 2
116
Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it a. is neutral in electrical charge b. readily ionizes to react with other atoms c. has a full outer electron shell d. will form a covalent bond with another He atom e. lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable
c. has a full outer electron shell
117
Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 8
a. 1
118

BioChem (5 decks)

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