Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards
Endocrine Respiratory System Immunology (286 cards)
1
Q
What are the organs of the lymphatic system
A
Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Peyers Patches Appendix Tonsils
2
Q
What is lymph
A
Fluid in vessels
3
Q
What is a lymph nodes
A
cleanses lymph
4
Q
What does lymphatic vessels do
A
Return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood
5
Q
What kind of system is the lymphatic vessels
A
One way system
6
Q
What is the primary lymphoid organs
A
Red bone Marrow
Thymus
7
Q
What is the secondary lymphoid organs
A
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
8
Q
What is the lymphoid tissue in the digestive system
A
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
9
Q
What is the lymphoid tissue in the throat
A
Tonsils
10
Q
What is the other name of the Left lymphatic duct
A
Thoracic duct
11
Q
Where does the lymph system start
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
12
Q
The lymphoid organs and tissues are what
A
the structural basis of the immune system
13
Q
What are the functions of the lymphoid system
A
Drain excess interstitial fluid and plasma proteins from the tissues and bring it back to the heart via blood stream
Transport dietary lipids and vitamins from the GI tract to the blood
Facilitate immune response
14
Q
What are the lymphatic capillaries that absorb fat from the small intestines
A
lacteals
15
Q
What do lacteals contain
A
chyle
16
Q
How does the fluid flow in the lymphatic system
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
Collecting lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic Trunks
Lymphatic Ducts
17
Q
Where are the lymphatic capillaries found
A
Found everywhere besides in bone, Cartilage, and cornea
18
Q
Structurally, how do lymphatic capillaries bring fluid in but not out
A
Endothelial cells over lap creating flaplike minivalve
Collagen fliaments anchors endothelial cells to surrounding structures, preventing collapse of lymphatic capillaries
19
Q
How do lymphatic capillaries bring fluid in but not out
A
When fluid pressure in the interstitial space is greater vs lymphatic capillaries then minivalve flaps open bringing fluid inside.
20
Q
Where does the Right side of the head, arm, and chest empty into
A
Right Lymphatic duct
21
Q
Where does the left side of the the head, arm, chest and Lower Extremities empty into
A
Thoracic duct/ Left lymphatic duct
22
Q
How does the the fluid in the lymphatic system move through the vessels
A
Milking action via the muscles
23
Q
Where does the lymphatic trunk drain into
A
The L/R subclavian veins
24
Q
What is the importance of the primary lymphatic organs
A
provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B and T lymphocytes
25
What is another name for T Cells
T lymphocytes
26
What is another name for B cells
B lymphocytes
27
What do T cells do
Create an immune response and/or directly attack and destroy infected cells
28
What do B cells do
Protect the body my producing plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
29
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells
NK cells kill a variety of microbes and tumor cells
30
Where are NK cells found
Blood, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow
31
What are the 2 phagocytes
Neutrophils and Macrophages
32
What is the importance of the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
Site where most immune response responses occur
33
Describe the Thymus Gland
Adult 3g
Infant 70g
2 Lobed organ
Each Love has a cortex and medulla
34
In the Cortex of a lymph nodes, what is in the cortex
Tightly packed lymphocytes and macrophages
35
In the cortex of the lymph nodes, how does it flow
Afferent lymphatic vessels lead in sinuses lead to efferent vessels that exit at hilus
36
What organ does lymph is filtered in
Lymph nodes
37
Describe the lymph nodes
Bean-Shaped organs
1 inch long
Found along the lymphatic vessels
38
What does the B cells do inside the cortex of the lymph nodes
B cells proliferate into antibody-secreting plasma cells
39
What does the B cells do inside the medulla of the lymph nodes
Contain B cells and Plasma cells
40
What is the job the the spleen
Cleanses blood and removes aged or defective red blood cells
Sites for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
stores platelets, monocytes and iron
41
In the spleen, what does the parenchyma contain
white pulp and red pump
42
In the parenchyma, what is the white pulp
lymphatic tissue around branches of splenic artery
43
In the parenchyma, what is the red pulp
venous sinuses filled with blood and splenic tissue (splenic cords)
44
In the white pulp of the parenchyma, what does the lymphatic tissue contain
lymphocytes and macrophages.
45
What are the 4 types of tonsils
Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil
46
What is the palatine tonsils
Largest tonsils
Either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
Infected most often
47
What is the lingual tonsils
Lumpy collective of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue
48
What is the pharyngeal tonsils
If enlarge known as adenoids
| Found on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
49
What is the tubal tonsils
Surrounded the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
50
What is the serum
Plasma without the proteins
51
1st antibody that our body produces is
IgM
52
2nd response to a familiar antigen, what antibody is produced
IgG
53
What are the organs of the respiratory system anatomy
```
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
```
54
What is the common word of pharynx
Throat
55
What is the common word of larynx
voicebox
56
What is the common word of trachea
windpipe
57
What is the common word of bronchi
airways
58
What is the division of the respiratory system
conducting zones and
59
What is the function of the naval cavity
Filter, humidify, warm air
Resonate sounds
Olfactory receptors
60
What are the parts of the phayrnx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
61
Describe the Nasopharynx
Passage for air , pharyngeal tonsils
| Contains pesudostratified ciliated columnar empithelium with goblet
62
What are the parts of the the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Cricoid and arytnoid cartilage
63
What is the thyroid cartilage
Adam's apple
64
What is the functions of the the layrnx
opens airway
sound production
rout air/food to trachea/esophagus
65
What are the parts of the trachea
Tracheal cartilage
Trachealis
carina
66
What does the tracheal cartilage do
hyaline cartilage, keep airway open
67
What is the trachealis made out of
smooth muscle, on posterior surface
68
What does the carina do
division of trachea into primary bronchi
69
What does the respiratory epithelium lines
nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
70
What does the goblet cells do
mucous producing cells (traps dust, microbes)
71
Describe the primary bronchi
1 to each lung
| right primary bronchus (wider & Shorter)
72
Describe the secondary (lobar) bronchi
1 to each lobe
73
How many lobes are there in the R lung
3
74
How many lobes are there in the L lung
2
75
Describe the tertiary (segmental) bronchi
branch into lung segments
76
Describe the bronchioles
no cartilage, only smooth muscle, control airflow and resistance
77
What are the types of bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
| Respiratory bronchioles
78
What cavity are the lungs found
Plural cavity
79
What kind of fluid are found in the pleural cavity
serous membranes
80
What does the alveoli do
air exchange
81
What are the type of alveoli
Type 1 Alveoli
Type 2 Alveoli
Alveolar macrophages
82
What type of cells doe type 1 alveoli have
Simple squamous epithelium
83
What does type 1 alveoli do
Gas exchanging cells, part of respiratory membrane
84
What type of cells does type 2 alveoli have
Septal Cells
85
What does type 2 alveoli produce
surfactant (reduces surface tension) producing
86
How much percent of O2 is in the heme
98%
87
How much percent of O2 is in the blood serum
2%
88
How much percent of CO2 is in H2CO3
70%
89
What kind of process is breathing in
Active process due to the use of ATP of the diaphragm
90
What kind of process is breathing out
Passive Process
91
How much percent of CO2 is in globin
23 %
92
How much percent of CO2 is in plasma
7%
93
Where is the peyer's patches found
Distal portion of the small intestine
94
What is another name for peyer's patches
aggregated lymphoid nodules
95
What are peyer's patches
lymphoid follices
96
What do the tonsils do
Gather and remove pathogens entering the pharynx in food or in inhaled air
97
How is the tonsils structured
lymphoid tissues with follicles with germinal centers surrounded by scattered lymphocytes
98
What is the appendix
Tubular offshoot of the first pat of the large intestine
99
What does the appendix contain
High concentration of lymphoid follicles
100
What do tonsils, peyer's patches, and appendix have in common
They all contain follicles that help create many memory lymphocytes for long-term memory
101
What are innate defenses
Mechanical barriers that cover body surfaces
| Cells and Chemicals that act on the initial internal battlefronts
102
What is the bodies first line defense
skin, stomach acid and mucous membrane
103
What does the mucous membrane line
digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
104
What are the chemicals of the innate defenses
Acid, Enzymes, mucin, defensins, sebum, dermcidin
105
Innate defense, Acid
Acidity of skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions
106
Innate defense, Enzymes
Lysozyme
Found in: Saliva, respiratory mucus, & lacrimal fluid
Digestive enzymes
107
Innate defense, Mucin
Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory passageways
Traps microorganisms
108
Innate defense, defensins
Antimicrobial peptides
Secreted by mucous membranes and skin secretes them
Defensins output increases as a response to inflammation
109
Innate defense, internal, phagocytes
Neutrophils are the most abundant
Macrophages
Uses phagocytosis
110
Phagocytosis, Chemotaxis
Attraction to chemicals from damaged tissues, complement proteins, microbial products
111
Phagocytosis, adherence
Attachment to plasma membrane via receptors
112
Phagocytosis, Ingestion
Engulf by pseudopods to form phagosome
113
Phagocytosis, Digestion
Phagosome fuses with lysosomes to kill bacteria
114
Innate Defense, inflammation
Non specific injury of any tissue injury
Causes Includes
Trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals, infection
115
What are the five signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain and lost of function
116
Whats the function of inflammation
Trap microbes, toxins or foreign materials and begin tissue repair
117
What are stages of inflammation
Vasodilation and increase permeability of vessels, phagocyte emigration, then tissue repair.
118
Interferons and Complement help the innate defense by
Attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their abilities to reproduce
119
What are interferons
Small proteins that help protect other cells by sending interferons to other cells to block protein synthesis
120
What are complement
oposonization
Amplify inflammatory process
Lyses and kills bacteria
121
What are the 3 pathways to activate complement proteins
classical pathway
lectin pathway
alternative pathway
122
What is adaptive immune system
body's built in specific defense mechanism
123
What are the 3 defense mechanisms
External innate defense
Innate cellular and chemical defense
Adaptive defense
124
What is another name of humoral immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
125
What is humoral immunity
Antibodies found in the fluids.
126
What is cellular/ Cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes targets by infected cell directly or indirectly by releasing chemicals.
127
What are the 4 keys of adaptive immune response
In involves lymphocytes called B and T lymphocytes
Recognizes and targets identified pathogens
Adaptive immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site
It has memory
128
What is the major function of the respiratory system
supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
129
What are the 3 process of respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
External Respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal Respiration
130
What is pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Inspiration and expiration
| air movement between the atmosphere and lung alveoli
131
What is external respiration
O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood
| CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
132
What is transport of respiratory gases
Cardiovascular system transports gases using blood
133
What is internal respiration
O2 diffuses to tissues
| CO2 taken out
134
What is the nasal cavity and what does it do
Lined by pesudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Warms air due to high vascularity
mucous moistens air and traps dust
Cilia move mucous towards pharynx
135
What is the pharynx and what does it do
```
Also known as the throat
Muscular tube
Skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
Passageway for air and food
Resonating chamber for speed production
Tonsils in the walls protects entryway
```
136
What are the regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx and larygnopharynx
137
Nasopharynx
From Choanane to soft plate
Passageway for air only
Pesudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet
138
Oropharynx
Common passageway for food and air
| Stratified squamous epithelium
139
Laryngopharynx
Ends as esophagus
Common passageway for food and air
Stratified squamous eptihelium
140
Glottis
Vocal folds that vibrate, producing sounds as air rushed from the lungs
141
Epliglottis
9th cartilage
composed of elastic cartilage and covered by a taste bud containing mucosa
Covers the the laryngeal inlet that keeps food out of the lower respiratory
142
What are the cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage - adam's apple
Epiglottis
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
143
Larynx
Cartilage and connective tissue tube
| Constructed of 3 singles and 3 paired cartilages
144
Trachea
Extends from larynx to 4 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into bronchi
145
What are the layers of the Trachea
mucosa- pseudostratfied columnar with cilia and goblet
submucosa- loose connective tissue and seromucous glands
hyaline cartilage- 16 to 20 incomplete rings
146
What are the parts of the bronchi
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
147
What are the primary bronchi
Right and Left main bronchi
148
What are the secondary bronchi
Also known as Lobar bronchi
| Supply each of the lungs (3 Right + 2 Left)
149
What is the tertiary bronchi
Also known as Segmental Bronchi
| supply each bronchopulmonary segment
150
What are the bronchioles
passages that are smaller 1mm in diameter
151
What are the changes of the bronchi as they are smaller
Support structures change- Cartilage rings turn to cartilage plates to no cartilage
Epithelium changes - pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal
Smooth muscle increases
152
What are the lungs covered
Visceral pleura covers lungs
Parietal Pleura Lines ribcage and covers upper surface of diaphragm
Pleural cavity- potential space between ribs and lungs
153
How many lobes does the R and L lung contain
Right = 3 lobes Left = 2 lobes
154
What is endocrine systems function
Regulate body function: Growth, metabolism, reproduction, digestion, chemical balance
155
What is a hormone
organic chemical secreted into the blood by a gland and affect target organ(s) in the body
Chemical messenger
156
What are the 2 types of glands
Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands
157
What are 4 characteristics of endocrine
Slow
Long duration
hormones
Inexpensive
158
In the endocrine system, what are the chemical classification
Peptide (water soluble)
Biogenic Amine (water soluble)
Steroid (lipid soluble)
159
What type of hormones are peptide
Hypothalamus, pituitary hormones, calitionin, PTH, insulin, glucagon, CCK, Gastrin, GIP, Secretin
160
What type of hormones are biogenic amine
T3 and T4, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin
161
What type of hormones are steroid
Sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone
162
Is steroids lipid soluble or water soluble
Lipid soluble
163
What does the hypothalamus control
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Adrenal Medulla
164
Anterior pituitary secrete what gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating hormone, Lutenizing hormone (LH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
165
Hypothalamus produce what hormones
ADH and Oxytocin
166
What is another name of the anterior lobe
Adenohypopphysis
167
What is another name of pituitary gland
Neurohypopphysis
168
What hormones release by the pituitary gland
```
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
```
169
What does oxytocin do
Uterus contractions at childbirth
| Breast to release milk, let-down
170
What does ADH do
Goes to kidney to retain water
171
Hows the Adrenal gland communicate with the hypothalamus
Direct control by nervous system
172
What does the adrenal gland release
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
173
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) goes to
Thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
174
Adrenocirticotropic Hormone (ACTH) goes to
Adrenal Cortex for Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
175
Prolactin goes to
Mammary gland for milk production
176
What are the types of alveolar cells
Type 1 Alveolar Cells
Type 2 Alveolar cells (septl cells)
Alveolar dust cells
177
Type 1 alveolar cells
Simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs
178
Type 2 alveolar cells
Also known as septal cells
Free surface has microvili
secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
179
Alveolar dust cells
Wander macrophages remove debris
180
What are the 4 layers of the membrane to cross
alveolar epithelial wall of type 1 cells
alveolar epithelial basement membrane
capillary basement membrane
endothelial cells of capillary
181
Normal quiet inspiration, what muscle contracts
diaghragm
182
During labored inspiration, what muscles contracts
Inspiration, external intercostals, stemoclediomastiod, scalenes, pectoralis minor
183
Normal quiet expiration, what muscle relaxes
diaphragm
184
Labored expiration, what muscles contracts
abdominal and and internal costal muscles contracts
185
When does inspiration happen
When the lung pressure is lower then the pressure in the atmosphere
186
When does expiration happen
When the lung pressure is higher then pressure in the atmosphere
187
What is the second line of defense of the immune system
```
Inflammatory response
phagocytes
interferon
complement
fever
```
188
Define the tidal volume
amount of air moved during quiet breathing (normal breathing)
189
Define the inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air moved in above the tidal volume
190
Define the expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air moved out below the tidal volume
191
Define is the residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expirations
192
Define the vital capacity
Sum of Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume
193
Define the inspiratory capacity
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume,
194
Define the total lung capacity
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
195
Define the functional residual capacity
Sum of Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
196
What is the tidal volume
500ml
197
What is the total lung capacity
Male 6000ml Female 4200
198
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, what does it mean to shift the curve to the right
Less affinity of O2
199
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, Where in the body would you find the curve shift to the right
Muscles and Placenta
200
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, what factors shifts the curve to the right
Low pH(more acidic)
Increase temp
Increase BPG
201
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, what does it mean to shift the curve to the left
Higher affinity
202
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, what factors shifts towards the curve to the left
```
High pH ( more basic)
Low temp
```
203
On a hemoglobin and oxygen graph, what does it mean to shift the curve the left
Hemoglobin has more affinity of O2
204
What happens when blood becomes acidic
Respiratory rate increases
205
What happens when blood becomes basic
Decrease respiratory rate
206
How does the hypothalamus interact with the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland)
Hypophyseal portal system (capillary)
| Hypothalamus interacts with (anterior pituitary gland) by secreting hormones
207
What hormones release by anterior pituitary gland
```
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Human Growth hormone (hGH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
```
208
What does the posterior pituitary gland release
Oxytocin
| ADH
209
What gland does the hypothalamus control
Adrenal Gland
210
What does the adrenal gland produce under hypothalamus control
Epinephrine
| Norepinephrine
211
What does the epinephrine and norepinephrine target and what is it used for
Muscle, liver, fat, heart
| Metabolism mimics sympathetic NS
212
TSH goes to what gland
Thyroid Gland
213
What does the thyroid gland secrete
Follicular cells: Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
| C Cells aka parafollicular cells: Calcitonin
214
Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) target what and what does it do
All cells
| Basal metabolic rate
215
ACTH goes to what gland
Adrenal cortex
216
Adrenal cortex secrete what
Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids) (zona golmerulosa)
Cortisol (glucocorticoids) (zone fasiculata)
Testosterone (androgens) (zona reticularis)
217
Adrenal medulla secretes what
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
218
What does aldosterone target and what does it do
Kidneys
reabsorb Na+ and water
Releases K+
219
What does cortisol target and what does it do
Liver and muscles
| Metabolism under stress
220
What does testosterone target
Male sex hormone
221
Prolactin targets what
Mammary Gland
222
What does mammary gland do
produce milk
223
hGh targets what
Bones and muscle
224
FSH targets whats
Gonads for gametes
225
Gonads produce what
Gametes and sex hormones
226
LH targets what
Gonads for sex hormones
227
Melanocytes stimulating hormone targets what
Epidermis for melanin
228
Calcitonin targets what and what does it do
Bones to store Ca+ through promotion of bone formation of osteoblasts
229
Pancreas secrete what hormones
Islet of langhorns:
Beta cells : Insulin
Alpha cells: glucagon
230
Insulin targets what and what does it do
Blood Glucose absorption
| Liver Glycogenesis
231
Glucagon targets what and what does it do
Blood glucose
Liver glycogenolysis
Adipocytes break down fat
232
Parathyroid glands secrete what hormones
Chief Cells:
| Parathyroid hormones
233
What does parathyroid hormones do
Bone release increase osteoclasts
234
What does the pineal gland release
Melatonin
235
Melatonin does what
Targets brain
| Biological clock
236
Testes secretes what
Testosterone
237
What does testosterone target what
Male sex organs
Muscles
hair
follicles
238
Ovaries secretes what
Estrogen and Progesterone
239
Estrogene and progesterone target what
Female sex organs
breasts
uterus
240
What increase BPG
```
Thyroxine
hGH
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Testosterone
People living in high altitudes
```
241
Define Tropic Hormones
Hormones that have target endocrine glands
242
What kind of hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary gland
Tropic hormones
243
What disease would be present with decrease in thyroid hormone in adults
Myxedema
244
What disease would be present with decrease in thyroid hormone in infants
Cretinism
245
What disease would be present with decrease pancreas activity, specifically insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
246
What disease would be present with decrease in adrenal cortex activity
Addison's Disease
247
What disease would be present with decrease in cortisol
Addison's Disease
248
What disease would be present with decrease in growth hormone as a child
Pituitary dwarfism
249
What disease would be present with increase in adrenal cortex activity
Cushing's disease
250
What disease would be present with increase in increase of ACTH and increase cortisol
Cushing's disease
251
What disease would be present with increase in growth hormones in infants
Gigantism
252
What disease would be present with increase in thyronine (T4)
Grave's disease (exophthalmos)
253
Diabetes insipidus is associated with what gland
ADH
254
Explain how one gets cushioning disease
Increase ACTH which targets increase in adrenal cortical hormone with increase cortisol
255
Explain how one gets addison's disease
Decrease ACTH which decrease adrenal cortical hormone which decrease cortisol
256
What gland is produce when there is increase in blood glucose
insulin
257
What gland increase when with dehydration
ADH
258
Decrease in blood calcium increases what gland
PTH
259
Increase in Blood calcium increases what gland
Increase in Calcitonin
260
Tetany is associated with what gland
A decrease in PTH
261
What are lymphnodes made out of
Reticular cells
262
How does air moves from the environment to the lungs
Nose and Mouth to Nasal Conchea to Nasopharynx to oropharynx to laryngopharynx to layrnx to trachea to primary bronchus to secondary bronchus to tertiary bronchus to terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct to alveolar sac and alveolar
263
What is hypoxia
Means there is not enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue
264
What are the 4 types of hypoxia
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Anemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
265
Describe Hypoxic Hypoxia
Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood
266
Describe Anemic Hypoxia
Too little functioning Hb in the blood
267
Describe Stagnant Hypoxia
Inability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues fast to sustain their needs
268
Describe Histotoxic Hypoxia
The blood delivers adequate oxygen to the tissues but the the tissues are unable to use it properly
269
What causes Hypoxic hypoxia
High altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in the lungs
270
What causes anemic hypoxia
Hemorrahage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning
271
What causes stagnant hypoxia
Heart failure and circulatory shock
272
What causes histotoxic hypoxia
Cyanide poisoning
273
IgM
```
The first immunoglobin class secreted by plasma cells during the primary response
Readily activates complement
```
274
IgA
Secretory IgA
| Found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, intestinal juice and milk
275
IgD
Found on the B cell surface
| Functions as a B cell Antigen receptors
276
IgG
The most abundant antibody in plasma, accounting for 75%-85% of circulating antibodies
The main antibody of both secondary and late primary responses
277
IgE
Stem ends binds to mast cells or basophils. Antiegen binding to its receptor end triggers these cells to release histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and an allergic reaction
278
What are antigens
Substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses
279
What are signs of myxedema
Increase edema in the limbs
280
What are signs of Crentinism
Learning disabilities, short in stature
281
What are signs of Addison's disease
Bronze pigmentation
Weakness
GI issues
282
What are the signs of Cushing's disease
Weight gain around midsection
| Fat deposit around the face and posterior neck
283
What are signs of grave's disease
puffy eyes
| Large thyroid
284
What causes acromegaly
hGH as an adult
285
What causes hirsutism
Increase production of androgens
286
What causes goiter
Lack of iodine
