Anatomy Exam 4 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the Urinary system
A
Regulation of blood ionic composition Regulation of pH, osmolarity, glucose Regulation of blood volume Regulation of blood pressure Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
2
Q
What ions do the urinary system/Kidney regulates
A
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions
3
Q
How is the blood volume regulated
A
Conserving or eliminating water
4
Q
How is the blood pressure regulated
A
Secreting the enzyme renin
Adjusting renal resistance
5
Q
What are the 3 regions of the kidneys
A
Cortex, Medulla, and Pelvis
6
Q
What is the renal cortex of the kidneys
A
Superficial Layer
7
Q
What is the renal blood supply flow
A
Abdominal Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate artery Cortico radial artery Afferent arteriole Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteriole Cortico Radial Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar Vein Segmental Vein Renal Vein Inferior Vena Ceva
8
Q
What is the renal medulla
A
Inferior to the Renal Cortex contains medullary/renal pyramids
9
Q
What are the organs of the Urinary system
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
10
Q
What is the renal cortex
A
Superficial layer of the kidney
11
Q
What are the renal columns
A
Inward extension of cortical tissues that separates the renal medulla
12
Q
How does the urine go from the kidneys to the ureter
A
The Minor Calyces is collected from the papillary ducts of the renal papilla.
Urine goes from the minor Calyces to the major Calyces to the renal pelvis and finally to the Ureter
13
Q
What is contained in the renal pyramids
A
Parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and capillaries
14
Q
What kind of muscles is found in the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter
A
Smooth Muscle
15
Q
What is the path of blood supply in the kindneys
A
Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate Artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Efferent Arteriole Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal Vein Inferior Vena Ceva
16
Q
What are inside the renal corpuscle
A
Consist of capillaries called the glomerulus inside the glomerular capsule/Bowman’s capsule
17
Q
Describe the Glomerulus
A
Fenestrated capillaries to allow solute rich protein free filtrate from the blood to the capillaries to make urine.
The capillaries vasoconstriction and vasodilation controls blood pressure
18
Q
Where are Vasa recta and the peritubular capillaries found
A
The Vasa recta is part of the juxtamedullary nephron
The Peritubular capillaries are found in the cortical nephron
19
Q
What does the Vasa Recta do
A
Supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form
20
Q
What does the peritubular capillaries do
A
Carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate
21
Q
What is the renal corpuscle
A
Site of plasma filtration
Contains the Glomerulus and bowman
22
Q
What does the urinary system
A
Filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
23
Q
What does the renal tubule do
A
Transports the filtrate from renal corpuscle
Contains:
Proximal convulated tubule
Loop of henle dips down into renal medulla
24
Q
What are the 3 parts of the loop of henle
A
descending limbs, thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb
25
What is tubular reabsorption
Water and useful substances are reaborbed into the blood
26
What is the tubular secretion
Waste removed from the blood and secreted into urine
27
Efferent tubule gives rise to what
Pertitubular capillaries and Vasa recta
28
Juxtamedullary Nephron
15-20% of nephrons
| Creates concentrated urine
29
Cortical Nephron
80-85% of nephrons
| Lie mainly in cortex
30
What does podocytes do
Cover capillaries to form visceral layer
31
Where does the glomerular capillaries arise from
Afferent arteriole
32
What does the pedicel attach to
Podocytes
33
Where is the Macula Densa cell found
Distal convoluted Tube
34
Where is the juxtaglomerular cell found
Afferent arteriole
35
What are juxtagloerular cells
modified muscle cells
36
What is the percent of nephron dysfunction
25%
37
What is rate of excretion
Rate of filtration + rate of secretion - Reabsorption
38
What are the 3 basic process of nephrons and collecting ducts
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
39
Glomerular capillary BP is high due to
Small size of efferent arteriole
40
What is the Net Filtration pressure (NFP)
Total pressure that promotes filtration
41
What is normal Net filtration pressure
10mmHg
42
What are the effects of Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) on BP
Increase
43
What are some variable affects of Epinephrine and Norephinephrine (NE)
Increase Cardiac Output ( HR and Contractility)
| Increase Peripheral resistance ( Vasoconstriction)
44
Where is the site of action of Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE)
Heart (beta receptors)
| Arterioles (alpha receptors)
45
What are the effects of Angiotensin II
Increase BP
46
What are some variable affects of Angiotensin II
Increase peripheral resistance (Vasoconstriction)
47
Where is the site of action of Angiotensin II
Arterioles
48
What are the effects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decrease BP
49
What are some variable affects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decrease peripheral resistance (Vasodilation)
50
Where is the site of action of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Arterioles
51
What are the effects of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Increase effects of BP
52
What are some variable affects of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
| Increase Blood volume (decrease water loss)
53
Where is the site of action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Arterioles
| Kidney Tubule Cells
54
Where is the site of action of Aldosterone
Kidney Tubule Cells
55
What are the effects of Aldosterone
Increase BP
56
What are some variable effects of Aldosterone
Increase blood volume (decrease salt and water loss)
| reabsorption of Na+ and K+ excretion
57
What are the two types of water reabsorption
Obligatory and Facultative
58
What kind of water reabsorption does Aldosterone follow
Obligatory Osmosis
59
What kind of water reabsorption does ADH follow
Facultative Osmosis
60
Nephrons are mostly found in the
Cortical Nephron 80-85%
61
Histology: Proximal convoluted tububle
Simple Cuboidal with microvilli
62
Histology: Descending limb of loop of Henle
Simple squamous
63
Histology: Ascending Limb of loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal to low columnar
64
Histology: Distal convoluted Tubule
Simple cuboidal composed of principal and intercalated cells which have microvilli
65
What is the Macula Densa
Detects NA+ saturation levels
66
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Males and Females
Male 125 mL/min
| Female 105mL/ min
67
What is important of the Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
Promotes Filtration
68
What are the mechanisms that regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate
Renal Autoregulation
Neural Regulation
Hormonal Regulation
69
What happens if the Glomerular Filtration Rate is to high
Increase speed of fluid through nephron
| Unable to reabsorb substances into the urine
70
What happens if the Glomerular Filtration is to low
Decrease speed of fluid passage through nephron
| Not enough waste products removed from the body
71
At what mmHg does the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure prevents filtration
45mmHg
72
What is normal GBHP
55mm
73
What organ secretes Renin
Kidneys
74
What organ secretes Angiotensinogen
Liver
75
How is Angiotensin I created
Renin is sent to the Liver and coverts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
76
How is Angitotensin II
Angiotensin I goes to lung and ACE breaks Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
77
What organ secretes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Lungs
78
Where does the Angiotensin II do
Goes to Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone
Posterior Pituitary to increase ADH
Goes to Aterioles to vasoconstrict
Goes to hypothalamus to increase blood volume
79
What organ release Aldosterone
Adrenal Cortex
80
What does aldosterone do
Increase Na reabsorption by kidneys to assist with increase water reabsorption to increase blood volume
Increase secretion of K+ and H+
81
What does hormone ADH do
Increase water reabosrption by kidneys
82
Where does the largest amount of reabsorbtion occur
In the proximal convulated tubule
83
What is secreted in the Proximal Convulated Tubule
Ammonia (NH3+) and NH4+
84
What are the 3 layers in wall of the Ureters
Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
85
How long is the female Urethra
3-4 cm (1.5 inches)
86
How long is the male Urethera
20cm (8 inches)
87
What are the 3 regions of the male Urethra
Prostatic Urethra
Intermediate part of the (membranous) Urethra
Spongy (penile) Urethra
88
What are the four task of the reproductive system
Create Gametes (male Sperm; Female Ova/Egg)
Bring the Gametes together via sexual intercourse
Combine genetic data via fertilization in a zygote
Support the fetus ( gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
89
What are the gonads
Sex organs
Males: Testes
Females: Ovaries
90
What is the zygote
Earliest developmental stage.
| Contains genetic information
91
Where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) created
Hypothalamus
92
What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone target
Anterior pituitary
93
What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do
Indirectly release Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
94
Where does the FSH and LH release from
Anterior pituitary
95
What does the FSH do
Females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen
Males: Stimulates sperm production; stimulates spermatogenesis
96
What does LH do
Females: Triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian produce of estrogen and progesterone
Males: Promotes Leydig cells testosterone production;
97
What does FSH and LH target
Ovaries and testies
98
Where is inhibin released
Released from Gonads, specifically sertoli cells:
Ovaries
Testies
99
What does inhibin do
Negative feedback on FSH release which leads to decrease sperm productoin
100
Pathway of the sperm flow through the ducts of the testes
```
Seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
Rete testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
```
101
What are the 3 glands that empty secretion to the ducts of the penis
Seminal Glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral Glands
102
What is the scrotum
Sac of skin that contains the testes
103
What does the Dartos muscle do
Wrinkles the scrotum
104
What does the Cremaster muscle do
Elevates the testes
105
What is the most outer layer of the testes called
Tunica Vaginalis
106
What is the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes called
Tunica Albuginea
107
What is the name of the site where sperm is created
The seminiferous tubules
108
Where the seminiferous tubules found
inside the Tunica Albuginea
109
What does Leydig cells secrete
Testosterone
110
What does sertoli cells do
Form blood-testis barrier
Support developing sperm cells
Produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
Secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH.
111
What are parts of the sperm
Head
Midpiece
Tail
112
Sperm: Head
Contains DNA
113
Sperm: Acrosome
Top of the nucleus that contains hydrolytic enzyme that assist in penetrating the egg
114
Sperm: Midpiece
Contains Mitochondria
115
Sperm: Tail
Flagellum to move the sperm
116
What is the negative feedback system to control blood levels of testosterone
Increase testosterone is detected
GnRH in the hypothalamus production is slowed
Decrease LH release in the anterior pituitary gland into the blood
Leydig cells in testes decrease the production of testosterone
117
What is seman
Milky White, somewhat sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm.
Provides a transport medium that contains nutrients, clotting proteins and antibiotic seminalplasmin
Slightly akaline, milky and sticky
118
What are the components of semen
```
Prostglandins
Relaxin
ATP
Ingredients to suppress immune response
Antibiotics
Clotting factors
```
119
Seman: Prostglandins
Viscosity of mucus guarding the cervix of the vagina to decrease and facilitate reverse peristalsis
120
Seman: Relaxin
For sperm mobility
121
Seman: Clotting Factors
Coagulate and stick to the wall of the uterus.
122
What is the male sexual response
Erection
| Ejaculation
123
What is the female sexual response
Increase blood flow to clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of the vestibule
Nipples become erect
Orgasm
124
Sexual Response: Erection
Parasympathetic reflex
NO2 is released to penile blood vessels, dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow.
Corpus Cavernosa and Corpus Spongiosum expands
125
Sexual Response: Ejaculation
Sympathetic Control
Propulsion of seman from the male duct system.
Sphincter at base of bladder closes
Ductus Deferens, Prostate and Seminal Glands empty their content into prostatic urethra
Bulbospongiosus Muscles contracts to propel seman
126
What is orgasm
Increase HR, muscle contraction, Elevated blood pressure.
Males have a refractory period
Females can have multiple at a time
127
What is the Ductus deferens/Vas Deferens
transport sperm during ejaculation from the epididymis
128
What is the Corpus Spongiosum
Erectile tissue mass that surrounds urethra.
| Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
129
What is the Corpus Cavernosa
Erectile tissue mass, make most of penis.
| Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
130
What is the ovaries
Females gonads that produce the female gametes and sex hormones estrogen and progestrone
131
What are the other names for the Oviducts
Fallopian tube
| Urterine Tubes
132
What are the 3 regions of the Fallopian Tube
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
133
What is the infundibulum connected too
Fimbriae
134
What is the Fimbriae
Moving ciliated finger-like projections
| Moves the oocyte into the uterine tube
135
What is the uterus
Hallow, thick-walled, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum.
136
What are the 3 parts of the uterus
Fundus, Body, Cervix
137
Uterus: Fundus
Most superior portion of the Uterus
138
Uterus: Body
Makes up most of the Uterus
139
Uterus: Cervix
Narrow neck, or outlet which projects into the vagina inferiorly
140
What are the 3 layers that make the uterus wall
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
141
Uterus Wall: Perimetrium
Incomplete outermost serous layer
142
Uterus Wall: Myometrium
Bulky middle layer
Contains smooth muscle
Contracts rhythmically to push baby out
143
Uterus Wall: Endometrium
Mucosa that lines the uterine cavity
Contains 2 layers
Functional Layer
Basal Layer
144
Endometrium: Functional layer
Undergoes Cyclic changes in response to blood hormones and shed during menstruation
145
Endometrium: Basal Layer
Forms the the new functional layer
146
What is the Mons Pubis
Fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis
| At puberty, pubic hair grows
147
What is the Labia Major
Hair covered fatty skin folds
| Homologues to the male scrotum
148
What is the Labia Minor
Enclosed by the Labia major
| Homologues to the spongy urethra
149
What is the Vagina
Thin walled tube that lies between the bladder and rectum.
| Provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow
150
What are the 3 layers of the Vagina
Outer: Adventitia
Middle: Muscularis
Inner: Mucosa marked by transverse ridges to stimulate the penis
151
What is the Vestibule of the Vagina
Area where the external openings of the urethra and vagina
152
What is the Clitoris
Small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue
Two Parts:
Glans of the Clitoris
Covered by hood fold called prepuce of the clitoris
Contains nerve endings sensitive to touch
153
What is the breast
Subcutaneous tissue contains mammary glands
154
What is the mammary gland
Modified sweat glands that a present in both sexes but only lactates in females
155
What is the Areola
Ring of pigmented skin
Contains sebaceous glands
produce sebum
156
What is the nipple
Central protruding tissue
| Milk comes out
157
What is the Lactiferous Ducts
A duct that that opens outside of the nipple
158
What is the lactiferous Sinus
Where milk collects during nursing
159
How is the ovarian ligament anchored
Anchors Ovary medially to the uterus
160
How is the suspensory ligament anchored
Anchors laterally to the pelvic wall
161
What does the broad ligament do
Supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
162
What is a follicles
Functional unit of the ovary
| Provides developing oocytes and cells a place to communicate
163
What is a primorial follice
Single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells surrounding in a primary oocyte
164
What is primary follice
Have a single layer of cuboidal pre granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
165
What is a secondary follice
Have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte
166
What is the Vesicular (antral) follicles (Graafian Follicle)
Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte inside the vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes a secondary oocyte
167
What is the antrum in the in the Graafian Follice
Fluid filled cavity
168
What is ovulation
When a follicle (egg) goes from the ovary to the fallopian tube
169
What is the zona pellucida
During the Primary Follicle stage, the oocytes release glycorichprotein that creates a extraceullar layer that encapsulates the oocytes
170
What is the Corona Radiata
During the vesicular follicle, when the oocyte is surrounded by the granulosa cells
171
What is cleavage
Period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote
172
What is Chlamydia
Bacteria
Asymptomatic
Leads to sterility from scar tissue formation
173
What is Gonorrhea
Bacteria
Discharge common
Blindness if newborn is infected during delivery
174
What is syphilis
Bacteria
Painless sores (chancre)
2nd stage all organs involved
3rd stage organ degeneration is apparent (neurosyphilis)
175
What is Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Virus
Most common
Genital Warts
Can assist in causing cancer
176
Oral contraceptive
Progestrone & Estrogen pill
| Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to prevent secretion of FSH and LH
177
Norplan
Surgically implanted capsules of progestin
| Inhibiting ovulation for 5 years
178
Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
Small object made of plastic, copper or steel left in cavity of uterus
Approved for 10 years
179
Spermicides
Chemical substance in foam, cream, jelly or suppository that kill sperm upon contact
180
Vasectomy
Removal portion of the vas deferens
181
Tubal ligation
Uterine tubes are tied
182
Rhythm method
Abstaining from intercourse when secondary oocyte is likely
183
Withdrawal method
Withdraw before ejaculation
184
What is Cryptorchidism
Testes do not descend into the scrotum
| Cause Sterility and greater risk of testicular cancer
185
In males how many functional sperms is created after Meiosis 2
4
186
In females how many functional eggs is created after Meiosis 2
1
187
What does seminiferous tubules contain
Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
Supporting cells: Sertoli Cells
188
Spermatogonium
Stem cell 46 (2n)
189
What does sertoli cells do
Form blood-testis barrier
support developing sperm cells
produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
190
Primary spermatocyte is dipolid or haploid
Diploid
191
Spermiogenesis
maturation of spermatids into sperm cells
192
Spermiation
Release of sperm cell from a setoli (sustentacular) cell
193
What is the spermatic cord
```
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Autonomic nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Vas Deferences/ Ducturs deferens
Cremaster muscle
```
194
What does the seminal vesicles secretes
Secretes alkaline, viscous fluid
neutralizes vaginal acid & male urethra
contains fructose for ATP production
contains prostaglandins stimulate sperm motility and Viablity
Contains clotting proteins for coagulation of seman
195
What does prostates gland secrete
Secretes pH 6.5 fluid that:
Increases sperm motility and viability
contains citric acid for ATP production and enzymes for seminal liquefacation
Prostate gland enlarges with age
196
Normal sperm count
50million to 150 million/ml
197
What is the ampulla
Central region of tube
198
What is isthus
Narrowest portion joints uterus
199
How long does it take to fertilization
24 hours after ovulation
200
How long does it take for the zygote reach the uterus
7 days after ovulation
201
Female: Ovary
Male :Testies
202
Female: Bartholin's Gland
Male: Cowper's galnd
203
Female: Labia Majora
Male: Scrotum
204
Female: Labia Minora
Male: Ventral Penis
205
Female: Clitoris
Male: Penis
206
Female: Clitoral Hood
Male: Foreskin
207
Female: Clitoral Glan
Male: Glans Penis
208
What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube/Fallopian Tube
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
209
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Mucosa
Ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells provide nutrients and cilia
210
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Muscularis
Circular and longitudinal Smooth muscle
211
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Serous
Outer serous membrane
212
What does the ovarian ligament attach too
Anchors ovary medially to the uterus
