Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy Exam 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System Includes

A

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support, protection, leverage, blood cell production, and storage of minerals and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are bones classified?

A

By shape and structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different bone shapes?

A

Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long and sesamoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sutural Structure

A

Small, flat, oddly shaped. Found between flat bones of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Irregular Structure

A

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. (Vertebra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Short Structure

A

Boxlike. (Carpal and tarsal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flat Structure

A

Thin, parallel surfaces. (Sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Long Structure

A

Long and slender. (Arm, leg, fingers, toes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sesamoid Structure

A

Small, round, and flat. (Patella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are projections?

A

Where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are projections located?

A

At articulations with other bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are openings and depressions for?

A

Passage of blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Shaft of the bone. Wall of compact bone. Central space called Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity)

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wide part at each end. Mostly Spongy Bone.

A

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

A

Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

About Bone Tissue

A

Dense, supportive connective tissue
Contains specialized cells
Solid extracellular matrix with collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characteristics of Bone

A

Dense matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteocytes

A

(Bone cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Canaliculi?

A

Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the Periosteum do?

A

Covers outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How much of bone mass is collagen fibers?

A

One third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What percent of bone mass is made up of bone cells?

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many types of bones cells are there?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 4 different types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts. They are located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum. They assist in fracture repair

A

Osteogenic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Immature cells. Produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet become calcified

A

Osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Osteoblasts become….

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mature bone that don’t divide. In lacunae between layers of matrix. Have cytoplasmic extensions that pass through canaliculi

A

Osteocytes-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Major function of Osteocytes

A

Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix and help repair damaged bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Large, multinucleate cells. Absorb and remove bone matrix. Secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes.

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Contains blood vessels

A

Central Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Perpendicular to surface of bone and carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow

A

Perforating Canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Layers of bone matrix

A

Lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Surround central canal

A

Concentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fill space between osteons

A

Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

At outer and inner bone surfaces

A

Circumferential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Spongy Bone lacks…..

A

Osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Fills spaces between trabeculae, forms blood vessels, and contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion

A

Red Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow stores…

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Membrane that covers outside of bones (except with joint cavities)
Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
Fibers interwoven with tendons

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue

A

Perforating fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Functions of Periosteum include

A

Isolates bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for blood vessels and nerves, and participates in bone growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Functions of Endosteum

A

Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
– Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
– Lines central canals of compact bone
– Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells

48
Q

bone formation

A

Ossification (osteogenesis)

49
Q

deposition of calcium salts

Occurs during ossification

A

Calcification

50
Q

What are the two forms of ossification?

A

Endochondral and intramembranous

51
Q

To what age do some humans grow bones until?

A

25

52
Q

What is cartilage replaced by?

A

Bone

53
Q

How do most bones form?

A

Endochondral ossification

54
Q

—growth in width
Thickens and strengthens long bones
Layers of circumferential lamellae are added at outer surface

A

Appositional growth

55
Q

Produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicles (collarbones)

A

Intramembranous ossification

Also called dermal ossification

56
Q

Most bones have one of each (some have more)

Pass through nutrient foramina in diaphysis

A

Nutrient artery and vein

57
Q

Supply blood to epiphyseal cartilages

Where bone growth occurs

A

Metaphyseal vessels

58
Q

Supply blood to superficial osteons

And to secondary ossification centers

A

Periosteal vessels

59
Q

Periosteum also contains…

A

Network of lymphatic vessels

Sensory Nerves

60
Q

Bone degeneration

A

Up to one-third of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity

61
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

62
Q

Calcium ions are vital to…

A

Many physiological processes

63
Q

Bones store up to ____% of the body’s ___

A

99%/Calcium

64
Q

Cracks or breaks in bones due to physical stress

A

Fractures

65
Q

What are the major types of fractures?

A

Transverse, displaced, compression, spiral, epiphyseal, comminuted, greenstick, Colles, Pott’s

66
Q

What are the 4 steps to fracture repair?

A
  1. Fracture hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation
  3. Spongy bone formation
  4. Compact bone formation
67
Q
  • Production of a large blood clot
  • Establishes a fibrous network
  • Bone cells in the area die
A

Fracture hematoma formation

68
Q

Cells of endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone

A

Callus Formation

69
Q

Internal callus develops in medullary cavity

External callus of cartilage and bone surrounds break

A

Calluses stabilize the break

70
Q

Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

A

Spongy bone formation

71
Q

Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal

A

Compact bone formation

72
Q

(reduction of bone mass)

A

Osteopenia

73
Q

Facts about Osteopenia

A

Begins between ages 30 and 40
Women lose 8 percent of bone mass per decade
Men lose 3 percent

74
Q

What parts/areas are most affected by Osteopenia?

A

Epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected

75
Q

What results can come from Osteopenia?

A

fragile limbs, reduced height, and tooth loss

76
Q

severe loss of bone mass

A

Osteoporosis

77
Q

Facts on Osteoporosis

A

Compromises normal function
Over age 45, occurs in
29 percent of women
18 percent of men

78
Q

About hormones and bone loss:

A

Sex hormones help maintain bone mass

In women, osteoporosis accelerates after menopause

79
Q
  • Bones of head and trunk

- Forms longitudinal axis of body

A

Axial Skeleton

80
Q

Bones that support the limbs

A

Appendicular Skeleton

81
Q

How many bones does the Axial skeleton have?

A

80

82
Q

The skulls has…

A

8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

83
Q

The thoracic cage consists of…

A

Sternum and 24 ribs

84
Q

The vertebral column consists of…

A

24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

85
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton

A

Supports and protects organs in body cavities

Provides points of attachment for muscles

86
Q

The skull contains ___ bones

A

22

87
Q

There are __ superficial facial bones and they are for ____

A

9/muscle attachment

88
Q

There are ___ deeper facial bones that _____

A

5/Help separate oral and nasal cavities
Increase surface area of nasal cavities
Help form the nasal septum

89
Q

Immovable joints of the skull

A

Sutures

90
Q

What are the 4 major sutures?

A

Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous sutures

91
Q

Separates occipital from parietal bones

May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones)

A

Lambdoid

92
Q

Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones

A

Coronal

93
Q

Between parietal bones

From lambdoid suture to coronal suture

A

Sagittal

94
Q

Join temporal bones with parietal bones

A

Squamous

95
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A 
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
96
Q

Occipital bone functions:

A

Forms much of posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium

97
Q

Parietal bone functions:

A

Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

98
Q

Frontal bone functions:

A

Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets

Contains frontal sinuses

99
Q

Temporal bone functions:

A

Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
Articulate with mandible
Surround and protect internal ear
Attach muscles of jaws and head

100
Q

Sphenoid bone functions:

A

Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites cranial and facial bones
Strengthens sides of the skull

101
Q

Ethmoid function:

A

Anteromedial floor of the cranium
Roof of the nasal cavity
Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall

102
Q

About the Infant Skull

A 
Grows rapidly
Is large compared to the body 
Has many ossification centers
Fusion of bones is not complete at birth
Two frontal bones
Four occipital bones
Several sphenoid and temporal elements
103
Q

Large areas of fibrous connective tissue
Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
Allow the skull to flex during birth

A

Fontanelles

104
Q

Vertebral column

A

Protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and body
26 bones
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

105
Q

The neck contains…

A

Seven cervical vertebrae

106
Q

The upper back contains…

A

12 thoracic vertebrae and each articulates with one or more pairs of ribs

107
Q

The lower back contains…

A

Five lumbar vertebrae

108
Q

Pads of fibrocartilage

Separate adjacent vertebral bodies

A

Intervertebral discs

109
Q

Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

For nerve connections to spinal cord

A

Intervertebral foramina

110
Q

Formed by vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae

Encloses the spinal cord

A

Vertebral canal

111
Q

Functions of thoracic cage

A 
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
(Including heart, lungs, and thymus)
Provides attachment for muscles involved in
Breathing
Maintaining position of vertebral column
Moving pectoral girdles
112
Q

A flat bone in anterior midline of thoracic wall and has 3 parts

A

Sternum

113
Q

What are the 3 parts

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

114
Q

What percentage of bones is included in the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

60%

115
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Connects each arm to the body
Movements position the shoulder joint
And provide a basis for arm movement

116
Q

What does each pectoral girdle consist of?

A

One clavicle

One scapula

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions