Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards by Stormy Pierce

Where two bones meet

- Where body movement occurs

Joints

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What are the 4 structural classifications?

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial

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Immovable Joint; strong; edges may touch or interlock

Synarthrosis

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Slightly moveable joint

Amphiarthrosis

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Freely moveable joint

Diarthrosis

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What are the 4 types of Synarthrosis joints?

Suture
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Synostosis

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Found only between bones of skull
Edges of bones interlock
Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue

Suture

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Binds teeth to bony sockets

- Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

Gomphosis

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Rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
Found between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
Also, epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones

Synchondrosis

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Created when two bones fuse
Example: metopic suture of frontal bone
And epiphyseal lines of mature long bones

Synostosis

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What are the 2 types of Amphiarthrosis joints?

Syndesmosis and Symphysis

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Bones connected by a ligament

Syndesmosis

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Bones connected by fibrocartilage

Symphysis

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Freely movable joints
At ends of long bones
Surrounded by joint capsule

Synovial joints

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Covers articulating surfaces

- Prevents direct contact between bones

Articular cartilage

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Has the consistency of egg yolk
Primary functions include
-Lubrication
-Nutrient distribution
-Shock absorption

Synovial fluid

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What joint is stabilized by accessory structures

Cartilages and fat pads
Ligaments
Tendons

Synovial

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Fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones

Meniscus

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Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane

- Protect articular cartilages

Fat Pads

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Support and strengthen joints

Ligaments

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Ligament with torn collagen fibers

Sprain

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Attach to muscles around joint

Tendons

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Small pockets of synovial fluid

- Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues

Bursae

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How are movements described?

In terms that reflect the

Plane or direction of movement
Relationship between structures

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Monaxial

1 Plane

Biaxial

2 Planes

Triaxial

3 Planes

-When two flat surfaces slide past each other | Example: between carpal bones

Gliding Movement

Movement away from longitudinal axis

Abduction

Movement toward longitudinal axis

Adduction

-Flattened or slightly curved surfaces -Limited motion (nonaxial) Ex- Manubrium and Clavical

Plane Joint (Gliding)

Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) | Ex- Elbow, knee, and ankle joint

Hinge Joint

-Oval articular face within a depression -Motion in two planes (biaxial) Ex-

Condylar Joint (Ellipsoid)

-Articular faces fit together like a rider in a saddle -Biaxial Ex- Metacarpal bone of thumb and trapezium

Saddle Joint

-Rotation only -Monaxial Ex- Axis and Atlas vertebrae

Pivot Joint

-Round head in a cup-shaped depression -Triaxial Ex- Shoulder and hip joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Separates vertebral bodies

Intervertebral disc

- Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage | - Attaches disc to vertebrae

Anulus fibrosus

- Elastic, gelatinous core | - Absorbs shocks

Nucleus pulposus

-Cover superior and inferior surfaces of disc

Vertebral end plates of cartilage

Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Ligamenta flava

- Bind vertebrae together | - Stabilize the vertebral column

Intervertebral ligaments

What are the 4 movements vertebrae are capable of?

- Flexion - Extension - Lateral flexion - Rotation

- Largest, strongest joint at elbow - Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna - Limited movement

Humero-ulnar joint

- Smaller joint | - Articulation between capitulum of humerus and head of radius

Humeroradial joint

- Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula - Greatest range of motion of any joint - Most frequently dislocated joint

Shoulder Joint

Between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

Hip joint

Pain and stiffness in musculoskeletal system

Rheumatism

All rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

Arthritis (joint inflammation)

- Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation - Generally affects people over age 60

Osteoarthritis

Crystals of uric acid form within synovial fluid

Gouty arthritis

Bone formation

Osteoblasts

Bone recycling

Osteoclasts

___ and ____ muscles control movements inside the body

Cardiac and Smooth

___ muscles moves the body by pulling on bones

Skeletal

What are the 4 common properties of muscle tissue?

- Excitability (responsiveness) - Contractility (ability of cells to shorten) - Extensibility (stretching) - Elasticity (recoil)

Skeletal muscles have three layers of connective tissue which are...

- Epimysium - Perimysium - Endomysium

- Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle - Connected to deep fascia - Separates muscle from surrounding tissues

Epimysium

``` Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) Contains -Collagen fibers -Elastic fibers -Blood vessels -Nerves ```

Perimysium

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) Contains -Capillary networks -Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage -Nerve fibers

Endomysium

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

True or False: Skeletal muscles are striated muscle

True

How are skeletal muscle fibers developed?

Fusion of embryonic cells

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

___ surrounds the sarcoplasm

Sarcolemma

- Tubes that extend from surface of muscle fiber deep into sarcoplasm - Transmit action potentials from sarcolemma into cell interior

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

- A tubular network surrounding each myofibril - Similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Forms chambers

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Responsible for muscle contraction

Myofibrils

Composed primarily of actin

Thin filaments

Composed primarily of myosin

Thick filaments

Smallest functional units of a muscle fiber

Sarcomeres

Dark bands of sarcomeres

A bands

Light bands of sarcomeres

I bands

What does the A band consist of?

M line, H band, and Zone of overlap

- In center of A band | - Proteins stabilize positions of thick filaments

M Line

- On either side of M line | - Has thick filaments but no thin filaments

H Band

- Dark region | - Where thick and thin filaments overlap

Zone of Overlap

- Elastic protein - Extends from tips of thick filaments to the Z line - Keeps filaments in proper alignment - Aids in restoring resting sarcomere length

Titin

Contain F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin proteins

Thin Filaments

- Twisted strand composed of two rows of globular G-actin molecules - Active sites on G-actin bind to myosin

Filamentous actin (F-actin)

Holds F-actin strand together

Nebulin

Covers active sites on G-actin | Prevents actin–myosin interaction

Tropomyosin

A globular protein | Binds tropomyosin, G-actin, and Ca2+

Troponin

A graph showing tension development in muscle fibers

Myogram

- Action potential moves across sarcolemma | - SR releases Ca2+

Latent period

- Calcium ions bind to troponin and cross-bridges form | - Tension builds to a peak

Contraction phase

- Ca2+ levels in cytosol fall | - Cross-bridges detach and tension decreases

Relaxation phase

- Caused by repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase - Produces a series of contractions with increasing tension

Treppe

- Increasing tension due to summation of twitches | - Caused by repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation phase

Wave summation

- Muscle produces near-maximum tension | - Caused by rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation

Incomplete Tetanus

- Higher stimulation frequency eliminates relaxation phase - Muscle is in continuous contraction - All potential cross-bridges form

Complete Tetanus

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

Motor Unit

Characteristics of Motor Units

- May contain a few muscle fibers or thousands | - All fibers in a motor unit contract at the same time

- Involuntary “muscle twitch” | - Involves more than one muscle fiber

Fasciculation

The normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

Muscle Tone

- Skeletal muscle changes length | - Resulting in motion

Isotonic contractions

- Muscle tension > load (resistance) | - Muscle shortens

Isotonic concentric contraction

- Muscle tension < load | - Muscle elongates

Isotonic eccentric contraction

- Skeletal muscle develops tension that never exceeds the load - Muscle does not change length

Isometric contractions

The ____ the load, the longer it takes for movement to begin.

Heavier

How ATP relates to muscles

- Contracting muscles use a lot of ATP - Muscles store a lot of ATP so they can start up a contraction - More ATP must be generated to sustain a contraction

- Anaerobic process - Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles - Produces two ATP per molecule of glucose

Glycolysis

- Primary energy source of resting muscles | - Breaks down fatty acids

Aerobic metabolism

The time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal

Recovery Period

What hormones increase metabolic activities in skeletal muscles?

- Growth hormone - Testosterone - Thyroid hormones - Epinephrine

The maximum amount of tension produced

Force

The amount of time an activity can be sustained

Endurance

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

- Fast - Slow - Intermediate

- Majority of skeletal muscle fibers - Contract very quickly - Produce strong contractions, but fatigue quickly

Fast Fibers

- Slow to contract and slow to fatigue | - Contain myoglobin (red pigment that binds oxygen)

Slow Fibers

- Are mid-sized - Little myoglobin - Slower to fatigue than fast fibers

Intermediate Fibers

Muscle growth from heavy training

Muscle Hypertrophy

Reduction of muscle size, tone, and power due to lack of activity

Muscle Atrophy

When muscles can no longer perform at a required level

Muscle Fatigue

Fast/quick activities are known as ___ endurance

Anaerobic

Prolonged activities is known as ___ endurance

Aerobic

Join sarcolemmas of adjacent cardiac muscle cells by gap junctions and desmosomes

Intercalated discs

- Contraction without neural stimulation | - Controlled by pacemaker cells

Automaticity

Structural characteristics of smooth muscle

- Long, slender, spindle-shaped cells - Single, central nucleus - No T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres

True or false: smooth muscle is nonstriated muscle

True

The ability to function over a wide range of lengths

Plasticity

Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called...

Fascicles

- Muscle fibers spread out like a fan and converge on an attachment site - Fibers pull in different directions, depending on activity

Convergent muscles

Slender band of collagen fibers

Raphe

- Muscle fibers pull at an angle relative to tendon - Do not move their tendons as far - Contain more myofibrils - Develop more tension

Pennate muscles

All fascicles on same side of tendon

Unipennate

Fascicles on both sides of a central tendon

Bipennate

Tendon branches within muscle

Multipennate

- Act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts | - Surround body openings and hollow organs

Circular muscles (sphincters)

Almost all skeletal muscles attach to ___

Bones

Site of connection to a bone affects ___, ___, and ___

Force, speed, and range of motion

Moves on a fixed point

Fulcrum

Fulcrum lies between applied force and load

First-class lever

Load lies between applied force and fulcrum

Second-class lever

Applied force is between load and fulcrum

Third-class lever

Fixed point of attachment of a muscle to bone is the...

origin

Movable point of attachment is the..

insertion

Mostly responsible for producing a particular movement

Agonist

Opposes movement of a particular agonist

Antagonist

A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist

Synergist

A synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint

Fixator

The body has approx. ___ skeletal muscles

700

Muscles visible at body surface

Externus (superficialis)

Deeper muscles

Internus (profundus

Position or stabilize an organ

Extrinsic muscles

Located entirely within an organ

Intrinsic muscles

Run across the long axis of the body

Transversus muscles

Run at a slant to long axis

Oblique muscles

Run along the long axis

Rectus (straight) muscles

Deltoid

Triangle

Orbicularis

Circle

Pectinate

Comblike

Piriformis

Pear Shaped

Platysma

Flat Plate

Pyramidal

Pyramid

Rhomboid

Parallelogram

Serratus

Serrated

Splenius

Bandage

Teres

Round and long

Trapezius

Trapezoid

Alba

White

Brevis

Short

Gracilis

Slender

Latae

Wide

Latissimus

Widest

Longissimus

Longest

Longus

Long

Magnus

Large

Major

Larger

Maximus

Largest

Minimus

Smallest

Minor

Smaller

Vastus

Great

Buccinator

Trumpeter

Risorius

Laugher

Sartorius

Like a tailor

Constricts the mouth opening

Orbicularis oris

- Moves food across the teeth | - In infants, provides suction for nursing

Buccinator

- Elevate, depress, and protract mandible | - Slide mandible from side to side (lateral excursion)

Pterygoid muscles

Helps elevate the mandible

Temporalis

Strongest jaw muscle

Masseter

Move food into esophagus

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

- Elevate the soft palate and adjacent portions | - Pull open entrance to auditory tube

Palatal muscles

Raise the larynx

Laryngeal elevators

- Controls position of larynx - Extends from chin to hyoid bone - And from hyoid to mastoid portion of temporal bone

Digastric

- Elevates floor of the mouth | - Depresses jaw

Mylohyoid

Extends between hyoid bone and chin

Geniohyoid

Between hyoid bone and styloid process of skull

Stylohyoid

- Extends from clavicle and sternum to mastoid | - Turns head obliquely to opposite side

Sternocleidomastoid

Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid

Omohyoid

Rotate and flex the neck

Longus capitis and longus colli

Flexes vertebral column and depresses ribs

Quadratus lumborum

- Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis - Divided longitudinally by linea alba - Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions

Rectus abdominis

- Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles | - Move upper and lower limbs

Appendicular Muscles

- Large and superficial - Covers back and portions of the neck - Extends to base of skull - Originates on midline of neck and back - Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Trapezius

- Fan-shaped muscle on chest - Originates along ribs - Inserts on anterior margin of scapula

Serratus anterior

Produce medial rotation at shoulder

Subscapularis and teres major

Produce lateral rotation at shoulder

Infraspinatus and teres minor

Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Coracobrachialis

- Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus | - Produces extension at shoulder joint

Latissimus dorsi

Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm

Extensors

Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

Flexors

- Flexes elbow and supinates forearm - Stabilizes shoulder joint - Originates on scapula - Inserts on radial tuberosity of radius

Biceps brachii

Flex the elbow

Brachialis and brachioradialis

- Originate on humerus and ulna | - Rotate radius

Supinator and pronator teres

- Originates on ulna | - Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of supinator or biceps brachii

Pronator quadratus

- Wide band of connective tissue - Posterior surface of wrist - Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles

Extensor retinaculum

- Anterior surface of wrist | - Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles

Flexor retinaculum

Anatomy Exam 3 Flashcards

(208 cards)