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ANATOMY/NEUROSCIENCE > ANATOMY EXAM 2: BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

ANATOMY EXAM 2: BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

Heart function: Right and left

A

R side: pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for reoxygenation

L side: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aortic valve to the aorta

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2
Q

Unique characteristics of the heart

A

Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractability
Rhythmicity

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3
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One cardiac cycle is the process of:
-diastole (heart fills w/ blood; relaxed)
-systole (heart pumps blood to the chambers)

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4
Q

How does the ANS affect heart rate (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A

-Parasympathetic: slows heartbeat
-Sympathetic: accelerates heartbeat

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5
Q

Difference between arteries and veins and capillaries

A

Arteries: blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; occurs in L side of heart; have thicker walls; found deeper in the skin

Veins: Blood vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood away from the body and to the heart; occurs in R side of heart (which then pumps blood to the lungs for reoxygenation); have thinner walls; found closer to the surface

Capillaries: bridge arteries and veins; provide nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the tissues; allow for waste to pass from the tissues and into the blood

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6
Q

The main artery to the UE and to the forearm into hand for BP

A

Brachial artery and radial artery

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7
Q

Inspiration and Expiration

A

Inspiration: inhaling oxygen –> provide O2 to tissue

Expiration: exhaling CO2 –> remove CO2 from body

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8
Q

Ventilation and Perfusion

A

Ventilation: inhalation and expiration; occurs through changes in pressure gradients from a high-pressure area (the body) to a low-pressure area (outside the body).

Perfusion: the blood flow through pulmonary capillaries.

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9
Q

Role of the endocrine system

A

Controls many aspects of human physiology (growth & development, metabolism, immune system function, reproduction, & water/electrolyte regulation); works w/ the nervous system to regulate homeostasis; relies on hormones.

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10
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibits the release of prolactin; usually acts as a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates breast development & milk production; affects sex hormone levels

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12
Q

Corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)

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13
Q

Planes of Motion

A

*Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left sides.
-Midsagittal plane in center of body
(midline)
-Flexion and extension movements
*Frontal (Coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
-Abduction and adduction movements
*Transverse plane: Divides body into inferior and superior portions
-Rotatory (rotary) movements 

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14
Q

Axes of Motion
“Think of axes like a door hinge”

A

Joints rotate around axes of motion; axis is joint’s center of rotation.

*Frontal axis:
-Medial to lateral
-Sagittal plane movement would be
around the frontal axis
*Sagittal axis:
-Anterior to posterior
-Frontal plane movement would be around
the sagittal axis
*Vertical axis:
-Inferior to superior 
- Transverse plane movement will be
around a vertical axis

Axes-Plane Pairs:
-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane

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15
Q

Limb Position

A

-Medial: closest to the body’s midline point.
-Lateral: farthest from the body’s midline
point.
*Relative terms
-Proximal: closest to the trunk of the body.
-Distal: farthest from the trunk of the body.
*Relative position to trunk
-Radial: thumb side of the arm.
-Ulnar: pinky side of the arm.
*Relative position on forearm, wrist,
and hand 
-Superior: above
-Inferior: below
-Cranial: direction of the skull
-Caudal: beneath or toward the tail
-Ipsilateral: same side of body
-Contralateral: opposite side of body
-Volar (supine): refers to palms facing up

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16
Q

Understand the role of each structure within a synovial joint

A

*Articulating Surfaces: Bone ends
*Articular (hyaline) cartilage: Multiple layers
of dense connective tissue that covers ends
of long bone to absorb force between
bones
*Joint capsule: Dense fibrous sleeve around
synovial joint, containing synovial fluid for
passive stability.
*Supporting ligaments: Connect bone to
bone for joint stability.
*Synovial Fluid: Natural lubricant made by
body movement between bone ends.

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17
Q

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

A

Movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise

Application: The motion of the client is able to generate independently without assistance.

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18
Q

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

A

Movement applied to a joint solely by another person or persons

Application: involves motion produced externally by the occupational therapy practitioner, another healthcare provider, or the patient (using the opposite hand to perform PROM). May also be generated by a medical device, such as a custom, dynamic orthosis or constant passive motion (CPM) device.

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19
Q

Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)

A

Uses the muscles around a weak joint to complete stretching exercises; involving some combination of patient and clinician effort may be used to facilitate motion when the goal is conservative activation of muscles and joint movement

Application: After a joint replacement, or soft tissue repair, AAROM may be a desired intervention to carefully transition to full active movement.

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20
Q

Opened-Packed Position

A

Involves free movement of the distal body segment, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others. Requires less muscle recruitment, as mobility is prioritized over stability for these types of movements.

Application: a maestro waving a baton to conduct an orchestra.

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21
Q

Closed-Packed Position

A

Involves the proximal (joints) moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment. Close-chain patterns promote stabilization of joints and generally recruit more muscles to support the various joints in the chain.

Application: example using the upper extremities is pushing a grocery cart.

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22
Q

Vitals: Heart Rate

A

of bpm
-Newborns/Neonates (1-28 days old): 120-160 BPM
-Infants (1-12 mo): 100-120 BPM
-Children (1-8 years): 80-100 BPM
-Adult: 60-100 BPM

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23
Q

Vitals: Blood Pressure

A

A measure of the amount of force of circulating blood on the arterial blood vessels
-Adult Norm: 110/70 or less than 120/80
-Prehypertension: 120/80 to 139/90
-Hypertension:
-Stage 1: 140/90 to 159/99
-Stage 2: Anything higher than 160/100

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24
Q

Vitals: Respiratory Rate

A

of times the chest rises and falls with complete ventilation
-Norm: 12-20 rise and falls per minute

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25
Q

Pulse-Ox

A

Measures blood oxygen levels
-Norm: Anything above 90%

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26
Q

Pain Level

A

measured from 1-10

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27
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Gliding

A

Lease Movement (0 degrees of Freedom)

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28
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Saddle

A

Biaxial (2 degrees of Freedom)

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29
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Hinge

A

Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)

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30
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Pivot

A

Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)

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31
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Ball and Socket

A

Triaxial (3 degrees of freedom)

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32
Q

Degrees of Freedom: Ellipsoid Joint

A

Biaxial (2 degrees of freedom)

33
Q

Scapula Movements

A

-Elevation/Depression
-Upward/Downward Rotation
-Protraction/Retraction

34
Q

Scapulothoracic (ST) Joint

A

-Structure: Convex-concave
-Articulation: No connection; scapula floats over ribcage.
-Mechanical Class: Atypical
-Movements:
-Gliding: Elevation/Depression, Ab-/
Adduction.
-Rotation: Internal/External,
Upward/Downward.
-Tilt: Anterior/Posterior

35
Q

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

A

-Structure: Saddle
-Articulation: Clavicular notch on manubrium of sternum to sternal end of clavicle.
-Mechanical Class: Biaxial
-Movements: Elevation/Depression, Protraction/Retraction, Posterior/Anterior Rotation.

36
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

A

-Structure: Gliding
-Articulation: Acromion & clavicle
-Mechanical Class: Biaxial
-Movements: Anterior/posterior &
superior/inferior gliding

37
Q

Glenohumeral (GHJ) Joint

A

-Structure: Ball-and-socket
-Articulation: Humeral head & glenoid cavity of scapula.
-Mechanical Class: Triaxial
-Movements: Flexion/extension, ab-/adduction

38
Q

Humeroulnar Joint

A

Structure: Hinge
Articulation: Humerus & ulna
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements: Flexion/extension

39
Q

Humeroradial Joint

A

Structure: Modified hinge
Articulation: Humerus & radius
Mechanical Class: Biaxial
Movements: Flexion/extension & rotation

40
Q

Proximal Radioulnar (PRUJ) Joint

A

Structure: Pivot
Articulation: Head of radius & radial fossa of ulna
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements: Pronation/supination

41
Q

Distal Radioulnar (DRUJ) Joint

A

Structure: Pivot
Articulation: Distal head of ulna & ulnar notch of radius
Mechanical Class: Uniaxial
Movements:Pronation/supination

42
Q

Plane and Axis Pairs

A

-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse plane

43
Q

Flexion

A

Hyperflexion: excessive flexion of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

Lateral Flexion: bending the body toward the right or left side.

44
Q

Extension

A

Hyperextension: excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

45
Q

Adduction

A

A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb.

think: you ADD the part to your body with ADDuction

46
Q

Abduction

A

The motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body.

think: when someone gets ABDucted

47
Q

Circumduction

A

The orderly combination of shoulder movements so that the hand traces a circle, and the arm traces a cone.

48
Q

Rotation

A

Movements made about the vertical axis and in the transverse plane.

49
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward, or the palm faces upward.

50
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down.

51
Q

Protraction

A

To protrude or stick out a part of the body.

52
Q

Retraction

A

Movement that results in the protracted portion of the body being moved back to its original position.

53
Q

Elevation

A

The movement superiorly or rising of a body part.

54
Q

Depression

A

The movement inferiorly or lowering down of a body part.

55
Q

Excursion

A

The side-to-side movement of the mandible.

56
Q

Superior Rotation

A

The upward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward.

57
Q

Inferior Rotation

A

The downward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves upward.

58
Q

Opposition

A

Positioning something near or close to each other.

Example: Opposition of the thumb would be the action of having your thumb touch your pinky.

59
Q

Reposition

A

Positioning something away from each other.

Example: Reposition of the thumb, the thumb and finger return to their original position.

60
Q

Fast-twitch fibers

A

*Type II Fibers
*Powerful contractions

  • Think, sprinting; it’s a short-term activity that cannot be sustained for an entire day. These types of muscles function in short bursts. Using your hand to write or type
61
Q

Slow-twitch fibers

A

*Type 1 fibers
*Low force over a long period of time
*More resistant to fatigue

*Think, postural muscles; we can stay upright, and it doesn’t require exertion the muscles do not give out with time.

62
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction with NO change in length

Example: Isometric: holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees

63
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion
*Concentric: shortening
Example: bringing mug to
mouth
*Eccentric: lengthening
Example: lowering mug
back to table

64
Q

Center of gravity

A

In the anatomical position it’s in the “lower abdominal” region, but moves with our movement.

Example: Backpack in front of you shifts center of gravity in front of you. Backpack on back shifts it behind you.

65
Q

Lever Systems

A

1st class lever: The axis (fulcrum) is in the center of resistance and effort.
Application: head and neck during neck extension {atlanto-occipital joint}

2nd class: Axis, Resistance, Effort.
Application: Standing on tippy toes (axis=ball of foot, the resistance = heel, calf muscle = effort.)

3rd class: Axis, Effort, Resistance.
Application: Bending the arm (axis = elbow, effort = bicep tendon in radial tuberosity, resistance = what is being held.)

**Think of resistance as “the thing that is being moved” and effort as “the thing that is moving”.

66
Q

Newton’s Law: Connection to safe mobility & OT

A

1st Law (Inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force acts upon it.
*We (OTs) are force acting on
pt.
Example:
-Pulling the client to the edge of a bed with a slide sheet.

2nd Law (f=ma): Acceleration of a body is proportionate to the forces and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body. (Simple terms: The size of something is directly related to the amount of force required.)
Example:
-If a person is taller or bigger, one would have to slowly help them to the ground or it would probably require more people to help the client when they fall.

3rd Law: For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Examples:
-As a client is raised with a
Hoyer lift, gravity pulls them
down. (Without gravity, the client
would be flung out of the lift.)

67
Q

Agonist Muscle

A

Prime Mover (muscles on the concentric side)

68
Q

Antagonist Muscle

A

Contrasting Muscle (muscles on the eccentric side)

69
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that assist the prime mover (when two muscles are doing two different functions but need eachother to do the separate functions)

70
Q

Bicep Reflex

A

Innervation: C5, C6
Function: Flexion
Procedure: Place thumb on bicep tendon and strike thumb with reflex hammer.

71
Q

Brachioradialis Reflex

A

Innervation: C5, C6
Function: Supination of forearm
Procedure: Strike brachioradialis tendon (3 ins above wrist) directly with a hammer when the patients arm is at rest.

72
Q

Triceps Reflex

A

Innervation: C6, mainly C7
Function: Extension
Procedure: Strike triceps tendon directly with hammer while holding patient’s arm (free fall), with other arm.

73
Q

Quadriceps Reflex

A

Innervation: L3, mainly L4
Function: Extension
Procedure: Lower leg hangs freely off edge, strike quad tendon directly with hammer.

74
Q

LITE Assessment

A

Method to assess important factors impacting moving and handling situations.

75
Q

LITE Assessment: L component

A

-Load: The client or individual being moved.

*Consider client condition & how it affects transfer

76
Q

LITE Assessment: I component

A

-Individual: The individual moving the client

*Am I capable of completing the transfer alone?

77
Q

LITE Assessment: T component

A

-Task: The moving and handling activity

*What is required for this task? Cognitive, social, and physical
requirements?
Frequency?

78
Q

LITE Assessment: E component

A

-Environment: Where the movement is occurring

  • How can I adapt the environment to accommodate the task? Can furniture be moved to create space?
    If it’s home care, can we bargain to create space?

ANATOMY/NEUROSCIENCE (10 decks)

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