ANATOMY EXAM 2: BODY SYSTEMS

Question 1

Heart function: Right and left

Answer 1

R side: pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for reoxygenation

L side: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aortic valve to the aorta

Question 2

Unique characteristics of the heart

Answer 2

Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractability
Rhythmicity

Question 3

Cardiac cycle

Answer 3

One cardiac cycle is the process of:
-diastole (heart fills w/ blood; relaxed)
-systole (heart pumps blood to the chambers)

Question 4

How does the ANS affect heart rate (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

Answer 4

-Parasympathetic: slows heartbeat
-Sympathetic: accelerates heartbeat

Question 5

Difference between arteries and veins and capillaries

Answer 5

Arteries: blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; occurs in L side of heart; have thicker walls; found deeper in the skin

Veins: Blood vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood away from the body and to the heart; occurs in R side of heart (which then pumps blood to the lungs for reoxygenation); have thinner walls; found closer to the surface

Capillaries: bridge arteries and veins; provide nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the tissues; allow for waste to pass from the tissues and into the blood

Question 6

The main artery to the UE and to the forearm into hand for BP

Answer 6

Brachial artery and radial artery

Question 7

Inspiration and Expiration

Answer 7

Inspiration: inhaling oxygen –> provide O2 to tissue

Expiration: exhaling CO2 –> remove CO2 from body

Question 8

Ventilation and Perfusion

Answer 8

Ventilation: inhalation and expiration; occurs through changes in pressure gradients from a high-pressure area (the body) to a low-pressure area (outside the body).

Perfusion: the blood flow through pulmonary capillaries.

Question 9

Role of the endocrine system

Answer 9

Controls many aspects of human physiology (growth & development, metabolism, immune system function, reproduction, & water/electrolyte regulation); works w/ the nervous system to regulate homeostasis; relies on hormones.

Question 10

Dopamine

Answer 10

Inhibits the release of prolactin; usually acts as a neurotransmitter

Question 11

Prolactin

Answer 11

stimulates breast development & milk production; affects sex hormone levels

Question 12

Corticosteroids

Answer 12

steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)

Question 13

Planes of Motion

Answer 13

*Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left sides.
-Midsagittal plane in center of body
(midline)
-Flexion and extension movements
*Frontal (Coronal) plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
-Abduction and adduction movements
*Transverse plane: Divides body into inferior and superior portions
-Rotatory (rotary) movements 

Question 14

Axes of Motion
“Think of axes like a door hinge”

Answer 14

Joints rotate around axes of motion; axis is joint’s center of rotation.

*Frontal axis:
-Medial to lateral
-Sagittal plane movement would be
around the frontal axis
*Sagittal axis:
-Anterior to posterior
-Frontal plane movement would be around
the sagittal axis
*Vertical axis:
-Inferior to superior 
- Transverse plane movement will be
around a vertical axis

Axes-Plane Pairs:
-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane
-Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane
-Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane

Question 15

Limb Position

Answer 15

-Medial: closest to the body’s midline point.
-Lateral: farthest from the body’s midline
point.
*Relative terms
-Proximal: closest to the trunk of the body.
-Distal: farthest from the trunk of the body.
*Relative position to trunk
-Radial: thumb side of the arm.
-Ulnar: pinky side of the arm.
*Relative position on forearm, wrist,
and hand 
-Superior: above
-Inferior: below
-Cranial: direction of the skull
-Caudal: beneath or toward the tail
-Ipsilateral: same side of body
-Contralateral: opposite side of body
-Volar (supine): refers to palms facing up

Question 16

Understand the role of each structure within a synovial joint

Answer 16

*Articulating Surfaces: Bone ends
*Articular (hyaline) cartilage: Multiple layers
of dense connective tissue that covers ends
of long bone to absorb force between
bones
*Joint capsule: Dense fibrous sleeve around
synovial joint, containing synovial fluid for
passive stability.
*Supporting ligaments: Connect bone to
bone for joint stability.
*Synovial Fluid: Natural lubricant made by
body movement between bone ends.

Question 17

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Answer 17

Movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise

Application: The motion of the client is able to generate independently without assistance.

Question 18

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Answer 18

Movement applied to a joint solely by another person or persons

Application: involves motion produced externally by the occupational therapy practitioner, another healthcare provider, or the patient (using the opposite hand to perform PROM). May also be generated by a medical device, such as a custom, dynamic orthosis or constant passive motion (CPM) device.

Question 19

Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)

Answer 19

Uses the muscles around a weak joint to complete stretching exercises; involving some combination of patient and clinician effort may be used to facilitate motion when the goal is conservative activation of muscles and joint movement

Application: After a joint replacement, or soft tissue repair, AAROM may be a desired intervention to carefully transition to full active movement.

Question 20

Opened-Packed Position

Answer 20

Involves free movement of the distal body segment, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others. Requires less muscle recruitment, as mobility is prioritized over stability for these types of movements.

Application: a maestro waving a baton to conduct an orchestra.

Question 21

Closed-Packed Position

Answer 21

Involves the proximal (joints) moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment. Close-chain patterns promote stabilization of joints and generally recruit more muscles to support the various joints in the chain.

Application: example using the upper extremities is pushing a grocery cart.

Question 22

Vitals: Heart Rate

Answer 22

of bpm
-Newborns/Neonates (1-28 days old): 120-160 BPM
-Infants (1-12 mo): 100-120 BPM
-Children (1-8 years): 80-100 BPM
-Adult: 60-100 BPM

Question 23

Vitals: Blood Pressure

Answer 23

A measure of the amount of force of circulating blood on the arterial blood vessels
-Adult Norm: 110/70 or less than 120/80
-Prehypertension: 120/80 to 139/90
-Hypertension:
-Stage 1: 140/90 to 159/99
-Stage 2: Anything higher than 160/100

Question 24

Vitals: Respiratory Rate

Answer 24

of times the chest rises and falls with complete ventilation
-Norm: 12-20 rise and falls per minute

Question 25

Pulse-Ox

Answer 25

Measures blood oxygen levels -Norm: Anything above 90%

Question 26

Pain Level

Answer 26

measured from 1-10

Question 27

Degrees of Freedom: Gliding

Answer 27

Lease Movement (0 degrees of Freedom)

Question 28

Degrees of Freedom: Saddle

Answer 28

Biaxial (2 degrees of Freedom)

Question 29

Degrees of Freedom: Hinge

Answer 29

Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)

Question 30

Degrees of Freedom: Pivot

Answer 30

Uniaxial (1 degree of freedom)

Question 31

Degrees of Freedom: Ball and Socket

Answer 31

Triaxial (3 degrees of freedom)

Question 32

Degrees of Freedom: Ellipsoid Joint

Answer 32

Biaxial (2 degrees of freedom)

Question 33

Scapula Movements

Answer 33

-Elevation/Depression -Upward/Downward Rotation -Protraction/Retraction

Question 34

Scapulothoracic (ST) Joint

Answer 34

-Structure: Convex-concave -Articulation: No connection; scapula floats over ribcage. -Mechanical Class: Atypical -Movements: -Gliding: Elevation/Depression, Ab-/ Adduction. -Rotation: Internal/External, Upward/Downward. -Tilt: Anterior/Posterior

Question 35

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

Answer 35

-Structure: Saddle -Articulation: Clavicular notch on manubrium of sternum to sternal end of clavicle. -Mechanical Class: Biaxial -Movements: Elevation/Depression, Protraction/Retraction, Posterior/Anterior Rotation.

Question 36

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

Answer 36

-Structure: Gliding -Articulation: Acromion & clavicle -Mechanical Class: Biaxial -Movements: Anterior/posterior & superior/inferior gliding

Question 37

Glenohumeral (GHJ) Joint

Answer 37

-Structure: Ball-and-socket -Articulation: Humeral head & glenoid cavity of scapula. -Mechanical Class: Triaxial -Movements: Flexion/extension, ab-/adduction

Question 38

Humeroulnar Joint

Answer 38

Structure: Hinge Articulation: Humerus & ulna Mechanical Class: Uniaxial Movements: Flexion/extension

Question 39

Humeroradial Joint

Answer 39

Structure: Modified hinge Articulation: Humerus & radius Mechanical Class: Biaxial Movements: Flexion/extension & rotation

Question 40

Proximal Radioulnar (PRUJ) Joint

Answer 40

Structure: Pivot Articulation: Head of radius & radial fossa of ulna Mechanical Class: Uniaxial Movements: Pronation/supination

Question 41

Distal Radioulnar (DRUJ) Joint

Answer 41

Structure: Pivot Articulation: Distal head of ulna & ulnar notch of radius Mechanical Class: Uniaxial Movements:Pronation/supination

Question 42

Plane and Axis Pairs

Answer 42

-Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane -Frontal Axis & Sagittal Plane -Vertical Axis & Transverse plane

Question 43

Flexion

Answer 43

Hyperflexion: excessive flexion of a joint beyond its normal range of motion. Lateral Flexion: bending the body toward the right or left side.

Question 44

Extension

Answer 44

Hyperextension: excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

Question 45

Adduction

Answer 45

A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. think: you ADD the part to your body with ADDuction

Question 46

Abduction

Answer 46

The motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body. think: when someone gets ABDucted

Question 47

Circumduction

Answer 47

The orderly combination of shoulder movements so that the hand traces a circle, and the arm traces a cone.

Question 48

Rotation

Answer 48

Movements made about the vertical axis and in the transverse plane.

Question 49

Supination

Answer 49

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward, or the palm faces upward.

Question 50

Pronation

Answer 50

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down.

Question 51

Protraction

Answer 51

To protrude or stick out a part of the body.

Question 52

Retraction

Answer 52

Movement that results in the protracted portion of the body being moved back to its original position.

Question 53

Elevation

Answer 53

The movement superiorly or rising of a body part.

Question 54

Depression

Answer 54

The movement inferiorly or lowering down of a body part.

Question 55

Excursion

Answer 55

The side-to-side movement of the mandible.

Question 56

Superior Rotation

Answer 56

The upward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward.

Question 57

Inferior Rotation

Answer 57

The downward motion of the glenoid cavity as the medial end of the scapular spine moves upward.

Question 58

Opposition

Answer 58

Positioning something near or close to each other. Example: Opposition of the thumb would be the action of having your thumb touch your pinky.

Question 59

Reposition

Answer 59

Positioning something away from each other. Example: Reposition of the thumb, the thumb and finger return to their original position.

Question 60

Fast-twitch fibers

Answer 60

*Type II Fibers *Powerful contractions * Think, sprinting; it's a short-term activity that cannot be sustained for an entire day. These types of muscles function in short bursts. Using your hand to write or type

Question 61

Slow-twitch fibers

Answer 61

*Type 1 fibers *Low force over a long period of time *More resistant to fatigue *Think, postural muscles; we can stay upright, and it doesn't require exertion the muscles do not give out with time.

Question 62

Isometric contraction

Answer 62

Contraction with NO change in length Example: Isometric: holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees

Question 63

Isotonic contraction

Answer 63

Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion *Concentric: shortening Example: bringing mug to mouth *Eccentric: lengthening Example: lowering mug back to table

Question 64

Center of gravity

Answer 64

In the anatomical position it's in the “lower abdominal” region, but moves with our movement. Example: Backpack in front of you shifts center of gravity in front of you. Backpack on back shifts it behind you.

Question 65

Lever Systems

Answer 65

1st class lever: The axis (fulcrum) is in the center of resistance and effort. Application: head and neck during neck extension {atlanto-occipital joint} 2nd class: Axis, Resistance, Effort. Application: Standing on tippy toes (axis=ball of foot, the resistance = heel, calf muscle = effort.) 3rd class: Axis, Effort, Resistance. Application: Bending the arm (axis = elbow, effort = bicep tendon in radial tuberosity, resistance = what is being held.) **Think of resistance as “the thing that is being moved” and effort as “the thing that is moving”.

Question 66

Newton's Law: Connection to safe mobility & OT

Answer 66

1st Law (Inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force acts upon it. *We (OTs) are force acting on pt. Example: -Pulling the client to the edge of a bed with a slide sheet. 2nd Law (f=ma): Acceleration of a body is proportionate to the forces and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body. (Simple terms: The size of something is directly related to the amount of force required.) Example: -If a person is taller or bigger, one would have to slowly help them to the ground or it would probably require more people to help the client when they fall. 3rd Law: For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples: -As a client is raised with a Hoyer lift, gravity pulls them down. (Without gravity, the client would be flung out of the lift.)

Question 67

Agonist Muscle

Answer 67

Prime Mover (muscles on the concentric side)

Question 68

Antagonist Muscle

Answer 68

Contrasting Muscle (muscles on the eccentric side)

Question 69

Synergists

Answer 69

Muscles that assist the prime mover (when two muscles are doing two different functions but need eachother to do the separate functions)

Question 70

Bicep Reflex

Answer 70

Innervation: C5, C6 Function: Flexion Procedure: Place thumb on bicep tendon and strike thumb with reflex hammer.

Question 71

Brachioradialis Reflex

Answer 71

Innervation: C5, C6 Function: Supination of forearm Procedure: Strike brachioradialis tendon (3 ins above wrist) directly with a hammer when the patients arm is at rest.

Question 72

Triceps Reflex

Answer 72

Innervation: C6, mainly C7 Function: Extension Procedure: Strike triceps tendon directly with hammer while holding patient's arm (free fall), with other arm.

Question 73

Quadriceps Reflex

Answer 73

Innervation: L3, mainly L4 Function: Extension Procedure: Lower leg hangs freely off edge, strike quad tendon directly with hammer.

Question 74

LITE Assessment

Answer 74

Method to assess important factors impacting moving and handling situations.

Question 75

LITE Assessment: L component

Answer 75

-Load: The client or individual being moved. *Consider client condition & how it affects transfer

Question 76

LITE Assessment: I component

Answer 76

-Individual: The individual moving the client *Am I capable of completing the transfer alone?

Question 77

LITE Assessment: T component

Answer 77

-Task: The moving and handling activity *What is required for this task? Cognitive, social, and physical requirements? Frequency?

Question 78

LITE Assessment: E component

Answer 78

-Environment: Where the movement is occurring * How can I adapt the environment to accommodate the task? Can furniture be moved to create space? If it's home care, can we bargain to create space?