Manual Muscle Testing MMT

Question 1

00 (Zero)

Answer 1

No muscle contraction

Question 2

1 (Trace)

Answer 2

Trace muscle contraction w/ no visible joint motion

Question 3

2- (Poor-)

Answer 3

MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through partial ROM

Question 4

2 (Poor)

Answer 4

MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through completeROM

Question 5

2+ (Poor+)

Answer 5

MOVEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PLANE (GRAVITY-REDUCED POSITION)
Joint moves through full ROM & holds against slight resistance

Question 6

3- (Fair-)

Answer 6

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Joint moves through partial ROM (between 50% & 100%) w/ gradual release from test position

Question 7

3 (Fair)

Answer 7

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position (no added resistance)

Question 8

3+ (Fair+)

Answer 8

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against slight resistance

Question 9

4- (Good-)

Answer 9

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against slight to moderate resistance

Question 10

4 (Good)

Answer 10

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against moderate resistance

Question 11

4+ (Good+)

Answer 11

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against moderate to strong resistance

Question 12

5 (Normal)

Answer 12

MOVEMENT AGAINST GRAVITY
Holds test position against strong resistance

Question 13

Scapular Protraction

Answer 13

-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5): They punch the sky
-Proximal Hand Placement: on humorous
-Distal Hand Placement: on forearm

Question 14

Scapular Retraction

Answer 14

-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5):
-Proximal Hand Placement:
-Distal Hand Placement:

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2):
-Stabilization:
-Palpation (Grade 1):

Question 15

Shoulder Flexion

Answer 15

-Against-Gravity Position (Grades 3,4, & 5): sitting/standing, w/ shoulder flexed to 90° & forearm neutral (thumb up)
-Proximal Hand Placement:
superior aspect of shoulder girdle
-Distal Hand Placement: superior
aspect of distal humerus

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): side lying on non-test side; shoulder & forearm neutral
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): anterior
deltoid at anterior aspect of
shoulder

Question 16

Shoulder Extension

Answer 16

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder in midrange extension
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior scapula
-Distal Hand Placement: distal
posterior humerus

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): side lying on non-test side
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): latissimus
dorsi and posterior deltoid at
lateral aspect of dorsal scapula

Question 17

Shoulder Abduction

Answer 17

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): standing/sitting, with shoulder abducted to 90°, shoulder externally rotated and forearm supinated (thumb up)
-Proximal Hand Placement:
superior aspect of shoulder girdle
-Distal Hand Placement: lateral
aspect of distal humerus

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): supine
-Stabilization: humerus and
forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): middle
deltoid at lateral aspect of
shoulder; supraspinatus at
superior aspect of scapula

Question 18

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction

Answer 18

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90° in midrange horizontal abduction
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior scapula
-Distal Hand Placement: posterior
aspect of distal humerus

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): sitting with shoulder supported in 90° abduction and elbow in 90° flexion
-Stabilization: elbow and forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): posterior
deltoid at posterior aspect of
shoulder

Question 19

Shoulder Horizontal Adduction

Answer 19

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): supine with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90° in midrange horizontal adduction
-Proximal Hand Placement:
anterior shoulder girdle over
clavicle (opposite shoulder)
-Distal Hand Placement: anterior
aspect of distal humerus

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): sitting with shoulder supported in 90° abduction and elbow in 90° flexion
-Stabilization: elbow and forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): elbow and
forearm

Question 20

Shoulder External Rotation

Answer 20

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; humerus supported with towel roll to maintain alignment with the trunk in the frontal plane; shoulder in midrange external rotation
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior humerus against plinth
-Distal Hand Placement: dorsal
aspect of distal forearm

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): standing/sitting, with upper arm against side of body and elbow flexed to 90°
-Stabilization: forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1): posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor at posterior shoulder

Question 21

Shoulder Internal Rotation

Answer 21

-Against-Gravity Position (Grade 3,4, & 5): prone with shoulder abducted to 90° and elbow flexed to 90°; humerus supported with towel roll to maintain alignment with the trunk in the frontal plane; shoulder in midrange internal rotation
-Proximal Hand Placement:
posterior humerus against plinth
-Distal Hand Placement: volar
aspect of distal forearm

-Gravity-Eliminated Position (Grade 2): standing (shown) or sitting, with upper arm against side of body and elbow flexed to 90°
-Stabilization: forearm
-Palpation (Grade 1):
standing/sitting, with upper arm
against side of body and elbow
flexed to 90°

Question 22

Agonist

Answer 22

Prime Mover (muscles on the concentric side)

Question 23

Antagonist

Answer 23

Contrasting Muscle (muscles on the eccentric side)

Question 24

Synergistic

Answer 24

Muscles that assist the prime mover (when two muscles are doing two different functions but need eachother to do the separate functions)

Question 25

Importance of proximal stability

Answer 25

In order to have proper functioning and mobility in distal structures – like our legs and arms – we must first make sure we’re stable at proximal structures – like our core and more mid-line structures